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THERMOCHEMISTRY
Branch of chemistry that
describes the energy
changes that occur during
chemical reaction.
FOR EXAMPLE:
The controlled combustion of
organic molecules, primarily
sugars and fats, within our cells
provides energy for physical
activity.
THERMODYNAMICS
Came from the two Greek words: THERME
meaning Heat and DYNAMICS meaning
Motion of heat.
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics
that deals with the relationships between
heat and other forms of energy.
Usein IC Engine Automobiles, Steam
Engines, Steam Turbines, Gas Turbines, and
Power Generation.
TERMS USE IN
THERMODYNAMICS
1. SYSTEM
The part of universe on which
your focus is placed.
2. SURROUNDINGS
Every part of universe that is not
included in your system.
THREE TYPES OF SURROUNDING:
1. Open System
A system which can exchange mass as well as
energy with the surroundings
Heat energy can flow.
Air can go inside of it.
2. Closed System
A system which can exchange energy with the
surroundings but not mass.
Energy can go while matter cannot.
3. Isolated System
Energy and matter cannot leave
or go inside of it.
Mass is isolated is fix and cannot
change.
3. ENDOTHERMIC PROCESS
A process that absorbs heat from the
surroundings.
The
system gains heat as the surroundings cool
down.
4. EXOTHERMIC PROCESS
A process that releases heat to its surroundings.
The system loses heat as the surroundings heat
up.
ILLUSTRATIONS:
5. CALORIMETRY
The precise measurement of the heat
flow into or out of a system for chemical
and physical process.
6. CALORIMETER
The insulated device used to measure
the absorption or release of heat in
chemical or physical processes.
7.ENERGY
Ability to do work.
8. HEAT
Energy that transfer from one object
to another because of a
temperature difference between
them. Heat always flows from an
object to a cooler object.
9. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY
• In any chemical or physical
process, energy is neither created
nor destroyed.
10. THERMOCHEMICAL EQUATION
The chemical equation of a reaction
that includes heat as a reactant or
product.
11. THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
A condition in which temperature is
constant throughout a material and no
heat flow occurs from point to point.
12. STATE FUNCTION
Only depend on the current
(thermodynamic) state of the system.
Examples:
Mass, Pressure, Density, Energy,
Temperature, and Volume.
13. KINETIC ENERGY
The energy due to its motion.
Examples:
Water falling over the fall.
A Yo – Yo in motion.
14. POTENTIAL ENERGY
• The energy due to position.
Examples:
• Water at the top of the water fall.
• Yo – Yo held in your hand.
15. ENTROPY
• A measure of the amount of
the energy unavailable to do
work.
Examples:
A campfire is an example of
entropy. The solid wood burns
and becomes ash, smoke and
gases.
Ice Melting.
Salt or sugar dissolving.
16. SPONTANEITY
Also called SPONTANEOUS PROCESS.
Process that will occur on its own.
Examples:
Ice melt into water.
A ball will roll down an incline.
Iron will rust.
17. ENTHALPY
The exchange of heat
energy between different
compounds or system.
Examples:
Fire
Heat of solution
Boiling
THE LAWS OF
THERMODYNAMICS
1 ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Where: Fe 0.452
Al 0.891
q: Heat (J, Cal,)
Ethanol 2.400
m: mass (g, kg, mg)
Air 0.718
c: Specific Heat
∆T: Temperature ( Tf – Ti) (C, K, F)
Sample Problem 1
5C + 6h2 = C5 H12
= C + 02 > C02 ∆H= -393.5 kj
= H2 + ½ O2 > H2O ∆H= -285.8 kj
= CH12 + 8O2 > 5CO2 + 6H2O ∆H= -3536 kj
Sample Problem 2
C + 2h2 = CH4
= C + 02 > C02 ∆H= -393.5 kj
= H2 + ½ O2 > H2O ∆H= -285.8 kj
= CH4 + 2O > CO2 + 2H2O ∆H= -890.3 kj
CALORIMETRY
For Heat Capacity:
Substance Heat Capacity
Formula: (j/gC)
Where: Fe 0.452
Al 0.891
q: Heat (kj or J)
Ethanol 2.400
m: Mass (g)
Air 0.718
C: Heat Capacity (j/gC)
∆T: Temperature ( Tf – Ti) (C)
Sample Problem 1:
Note:
Formula:
Substance Heat Capacity
∆H= mxsx∆T (j/gC)
H20 4.184
Where:
Pb 0.130
∆H: Change in Enthalpy Fe 0.452
Human Body
• The chemical energy of food is
utilized by body to maintain its
temperature and to do work.
Hot Cup of Coffee kept on a table
• The coffee will eventually cool
down.
Computation:
Entropy
Entropy
Formula:
∆Ssurr = -∆H
T
Where: