DNA, RNA, DAN PROTEIN

Nunuk Aries Nurulita

Fakultas Farmasi
Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto
 DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
 DNA Nucleotide
Phosphate
Group

O 5
O=P-O CH2
O
O
N
Nitrogenous base
C4 C1 (A, G, C, or T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
C3 C2
 A HISTORY OF DNA

• Discovery of the DNA double helix

A. Frederick Griffith – Discovers that a factor in
diseased bacteria can transform harmless bacteria
into deadly bacteria (1928)
B. Rosalind Franklin - X-ray photo of DNA.
(1952)
C. Watson and Crick - described the
DNA molecule from Franklin’s X-ray.
(1953)
 Watson & Crick proposed…
•DNA had specific pairing between the
nitrogen bases:
ADENINE – THYMINE
CYTOSINE - GUANINE

•DNA was made of 2 long stands of

nucleotides arranged in a specific way
called the “Complementary Rule”
DNA Double Helix
“Rungs of ladder”

Nitrogenous
Base (A,T,G or C)

“Legs of ladder”

Phosphate &
Sugar Backbone
 DNA Double Helix
5 O 3

3 O
P 5 P
5 O
1 G C 3
2
4 4
2 1
3 5
O
P P
5
T A 3
O

O
5
P 3 P
 Nitrogenous Bases
• PURINES
1. Adenine (A)
2. Guanine (G)
A or G
• PYRIMIDINES
3. Thymine (T)
4. Cytosine (C) T or C
 Chargaff’s Rule

• Adenine must pair with Thymine

• Guanine must pair with Cytosine

T A G C
 Basa N
• Types:- adenine and guanine (gabungan antara senyawa heterosiklik
dengan 5 dan 6 karbon) – Purines

• cytosine & thymine (Cincin dengan 5 karbon)-Pyrimidines.

• Basa Pirimidin (ke 5 pada Gambar) disebut uracil (U), umumnya
menggantikan Timin (T) pada RNA. Perbedaannya dengan Timin adalah
pada hilangnya gugus metil pada cincin tsb.
• PAIRING : A =T and A=U
G≡C
• Untaian double helix DNA distabilkan oleh ikatan hidrogen antara kedua
basa N menyusun nukleotida.

• Perbedaan struktur utama antara DNA dan RNA adalah pada gulanya, 2-
deoxyribosa pada DNA diganti dengan gula pentosa, yaitu ribose pada
RNA.

Ribose
 Sugar +Base = nucleoside

nucleoside

Phosphate+ sugar + Base = nucleotide

 The Code of Life…
• The “code” of the chromosome is the SPECIFIC
ORDER that bases occur.

A T C G T A T G C G G…
DNA is wrapped tightly around histones
and coiled tightly to form chromosomes
 AMAZING DNA FACTS…
• DNA from a single human cell
extends in a single thread for
almost 2 meters long!!!

• It contains information equal to

some 600,000 printed pages of
500 words each!!!
(a library of about 1,000 books)
 Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

• RNA is a biologically important type of molecule that consists of a long

chain of nucleotide units.
• Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a
phosphate.
 Double-stranded RNA
• Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is
RNA with two complementary
strands, similar to the DNA found
in all cells.
• dsRNA forms the genetic
material of some viruses (double-
stranded RNA viruses).
 Types of RNA
Type Abbr Function Distribution
mRNA Codes for protein All organisms
Messenger RNA

Ribosomal RNA rRNA Translation All organisms

Transfer RNA tRNA Translation All organisms

in post-transcriptional modification
Splicing and other Eukaryotes and
Small nuclear RNA snRNA
functions archaea
RNA processing, DNA
Y RNA Animals
replication
Telomerase RNA Telomere synthesis Most eukaryotes

Regulatory RNAs
Transcriptional attenuation /
Antisense RNA aRNA mRNA degradation / mRNA All organisms
stabilisation / Translation block
 Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• mRNA membawa informasi mengenai sekuen polipeptida ke
ribosom, yang merupakan pabrik untuk mensintesis protein pada
sel.
• Tiap monomer polipeptida dikode oleh 3 nukleotida (1 kodon)
yang akan menjadi 1 asam amino.
• Pada sel eukariot, pada saat prekursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) telah
ditranskripsi dari DNA, kemudian segera akan diubah menjadi
mature mRNA. Pada saat maturasi terjadi penghilangan introns
(non-coding sections) dari pre-mRNA
 Transfer RNA

• Transfer RNA (tRNA) adalah untai kecil RNA dengan 80

nukleotida. tRNA bertugas untuk mentrasfer asam amino
spesifik membentuk rantai polipeptida di ribosom selama
sintesis protein pada proses translasi.

• tRNA mempunyai sisi pengikatan asam amino dan sebuah

antikodon untuk pengenalan kodon.
• Sisi tersebut mengikat sekuen spesifik pada untai mRNA
melalui pembentukan ikatan hidrogen.
 Ribosomal RNA

• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the catalytic component

of the ribosomes.
• Eukaryotic ribosomes contain four different rRNA
molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S rRNA.
• rRNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleolus.
• In the cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA and protein
combine to form a nucleoprotein called a
ribosome.
• The ribosome binds mRNA and carries out
protein synthesis. Several ribosomes may be
attached to a single mRNA at any time.
• rRNA is extremely abundant and makes up 80%
of the 10 mg/ml RNA found in a typical
eukaryotic cytoplasm.
 Difference between RNA & DNA
RNA
RNA nucleotides contain
ribose sugar
RNA has the base uracil
presence of a hydroxyl group
at the 2' position of the ribose
sugar.
RNA is usually single-stranded
DNA
DNA contains deoxyribose
DNA has the base thymine
Lacks of a hydroxyl group at
the 2' position of the ribose
sugar.
DNA is usually double-
stranded
 Protein
• Proteins (also known as polypeptides) are
made of amino acids arranged in a linear
chain and folded into a globular form.
• The sequence of amino acids in a protein is
defined by the sequence of a gene, which is
encoded in the genetic code.
• genetic code specifies 20 standard amino
acids.
Basic players in molecular biology: DNA, RNA, and
proteins. What they do is this :