Electrical Sciences

BITS Pilani Dr. Hitesh Dutt Mathur

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Pilani Campus
 BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Time Domain Circuit Analysis

First Order And Second Order

Response Of R-L And R-C Circuit
Introduction

Study of response of circuits that contain sources,

switches, resistances, inductances, capacitances , to
the sudden application of sources, usually due to
switching is known as TRANSIENT ANALYSIS.

• First Order Circuit: A circuit with single energy storing element.

These circuits can be described with 1ST order linear differential
equations.
• Second Order Circuit: A circuit with two energy storing elements.
These circuits can be described with 2ND order linear differential
equations.

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Introduction

Natural Response: It refers to the behavior (in terms of

voltages and currents) of the circuit, with no external
sources of excitation.
Step Response : The step response of a circuit is its
behavior when the excitation is the step function, which
maybe a voltage or a current source.

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First Order Circuits
: Natural Response

• Natural response of RL and RC Circuit

• Step Response of RL and RC Circuit
• General solutions for natural and step response
• Introduction to the natural and step response of RLC
circuit
• Natural response of series and parallel RLC circuit
• Step response of series and parallel RLC circuit

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Natural response of R-C circuit

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Natural response of R-C circuit

Consider the conditions below for the above circuit :

1. At t < 0, switch is in a closed position for along time.
2. At t=0, the instant when the switch is opened
3. At t > 0, switch is not close for along time

•For t ≤ 0,

v(t) = V0 also V(0).

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Natural response of R-C circuit

•For t ≥ 0,
i i  0
c R
dv v
C  0
dt R
dv v
 0
dt RC
dv v

dt RC
1 dv 1
 
v dt RC

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On solving the above differential
equation we get v(t) as follows:

v (t ) 1 dv dt   1 t dt
V 0
0 v dt RC
1
ln v (t )  ln V0   (t  0 )
RC

ln 
v (t ) 

t

 V0  RC
t
v (t )  V ( 0 ) e RC , for t  0

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So the expressions for voltage,
current and energy are as follows

Thus for t > 0, t

v (t )  V e RC
0
V R
where V 
0 R  Rg

t
v(t ) V0
ic (t )    e
RC

R R
2 t

W (t )  C v(t )   C V0 e
1 2 1 2 RC

2 2
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The Voltage for natural response of
R-C circuit :

V0 t0
v(t )    t RC
V0 e t0

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The time constant,
τ = RC

 t
v(t )  V (0) e

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The time constant, τ determines how fast
the voltage will reach the steady state:

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Natural response of R-L circuit

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Natural response of R-L circuit

Consider the conditions below:

1. At t=0, the instant when the switch is opened
2. At t > 0, switch is not close for along time

1. At t < 0, switch is in a closed position for along time.

•For t ≤ 0,

i(t) = I0

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Natural response of R-L circuit

•For t > 0

v (t )  R i (t )  0
di (t )
L  R i (t )  0
dt
di (t )
L   R i (t )
dt
di (t ) R
 dt
i (t ) L
du R
 dv
u L
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On solving the above differential
equation we get i(t) as follows,

1 R t
du  
i (t )
i ( 0 ) 0 dv
u L
R
ln i (t )  ln i ( 0)   (t  0)
L

ln 
i (t ) 
 t
R

 i ( 0)  L
t R
i (t )  i ( 0 ) e L

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So the expressions for current,
voltage and energy are as follows ,
Thus for t > 0,

t R
i (t )  I e L,
0
t R
v (t )  i (t ) R   RI 0 e L,

1 1  2t R
  2
w(t )  L i (t )  LI e
2 L
2 2 0

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The current for natural response of
R-C circuit,

The time constant,

τ = L/R

i (t )  I 0 e t R
L

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Q1 . Find iL and vL .

Is (t)

Is(t) =

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Soln 1.

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Q2. Find vC and iC .

Vs =

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Soln 2.

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Contd..

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Contd…

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Step Response of R-L and R-C
Circuit

• Natural response of RL and RC Circuit

• Step Response of RL and RC Circuit
• General solutions for natural and step response
• Sequential switching
• Introduction to the natural and step response of RLC
circuit
• Natural response of series and parallel RLC circuit
• Step response of series and parallel RLC circuit

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Step response of R-C circuit

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Step response of R-C circuit

Consider the conditions below:

1. At t < 0, switch is at ‘a’.
2. At t=0, the instant when the switch is moved
from ‘a’ to ‘b’.
3. At t > 0, switch is at ‘b’.

• For t ≤ 0,
v(t)=V0

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Step response of R-C circuit

• For t > 0,
V  v (t )  Ri (t )
c
dvc (t )
V  vc (t )  RC
dt
1 dvc (t )
dt 
RC V  vc (t )
1 dvc (t )
 dt 
RC vc (t ) V

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On solving the above differential
equation we get v(t) as follows

1 du
 dv 
RC u V
t
  ln  vc (t ) Vs  ln V0 V 
RC
t  vc (t ) V 
  ln  
RC  V0 V 
vc (t )  V  V0  V e  t RC

 V  0  V e  t

 t RC
vc (t )  V (1  e )u (t )
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The Current for step response of
R-C circuit

dvc  V   t RC
i(t )  C   e u(t )
dt R

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Step response of R-L circuit

Consider the conditions below:

1. At t < 0, switch is in a opened

position for along time.
2. At t=0, the instant when the switch
is closed
3. At t > 0, switch is not open for along
time

• For t ≤ 0,

iL(t)=0

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Step response of R-L circuit

• For t > 0

V  R i L (t )  v (t )
diL (t )
V  Ri L (t )  L
dt
V L diL (t )
 i L (t ) 
R R dt
R diL (t )
dt 
L V  i L (t )
R
R diL (t )
 dt 
L i L V
R

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R-L-C Series Circuit

By KVL,
di
Ri  L  V  0
dt
dv
also , i  C
dt
2
dv d v
v  RC  LC 2  0
dt dt
2
d v R dv 1
 2   v0
dt L dt LC

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Contd..

General form of the eqn : Comparing ,

d 2 y (t ) dy (t ) Neper Frequency,
2
 2   n y (t )  0
2

dt dt R
 rad / s
2L
s1, 2     2  n
2
and Resonant Frequency,
Thus, 1
n  rad / s
y (t )  A1 e s1t  A2 e s2t LC

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Contd..

Solutions,
Overdamped Case : n  
2 2

i (t )  A1 e  A2 e
s1t s2t

Underdampe d Case : n   2
2

t t
i (t )  B1e cos d t  B2 e sin d t
Critically Damped Case: n 2  2
i (t )  A1t e  t  A2 e  t
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R-L-C Parallel Circuit

By KCL,
v dv
Iu(t)   i  C
R dt
We know, v  L di ,
dt
d 2i 1 di i I
2
   u (t )
dt RC dt LC LC
t  0,
d 2i 1 di i I
2
  
dt RC dt LC LC

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Contd..

Comparing ,
d 2i di
2
 2   ni  0
2

dt dt
1 1
 , n 
2 RC LC

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 On solving the previous differential
equation we get iL (t) as follows

iL (t )  V
R 
 0 V
R e t R L

t R L
iL (t )  V
R (1  e )
Thus, if we have some finite value of i(t) ie. I0
 I0 ,t  0
iL (t )  V
 R  I0  V
R  t R L
e , t0

 diL (t )
 L ,t  0
vL (t )   dt tR
 V  R I 0  e L , t  0

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First-Order and Second-Order
Response of RL and RC Circuit
• Natural response of RL and RC Circuit
• Step Response of RL and RC Circuit
• General solutions for natural and step response
• Sequential switching
• Introduction to the natural and step response of RLC
circuit
• Natural response of series and parallel RLC circuit
• Step response of series and parallel RLC circuit

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General solutions for natural and
step response

v(t )  V f  V0  V f e  t

i(t )  I f  I 0  I f e  t

W (t )  W f  W0  W f e 2 t 

The general solution can be compute as:

x(t )  x f  x0  x f  e  t

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 Write out in words:

the unknown  the final   the initial   the final 

    t
 var iable as a   value of the   value of the  value of the  e time cons tan t


       
 function of time  var iable   var iable   var iable
 



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When computing the step and natural responses
of circuits, it may help to follow these steps:

1. Identify the variable of interest for the circuit. For R-C

circuits, it is most convenient to choose the capacitive
voltage, for R-L circuits, it is best to choose the
inductive current.
2. Determine the initial value of the variable, which is its
value at t0.
3. Calculate the final value of the variable, which is its
value as t→∞.
4. Calculate the time constant of the circuit, τ.

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First-Order and Second-Order
Response of RL and RC Circuit

• Natural response of RL and RC Circuit

• Step Response of RL and RC Circuit
• General solutions for natural and step response
• Sequential switching
• Introduction to the natural and step response of RLC
circuit
• Natural response of series and parallel RLC circuit
• Step response of series and parallel RLC circuit

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R-L-C Series Circuit

By KVL,
di
Ri  L V  0
dt
dv
also , i  C
dt
2
dv d v
v  RC  LC 2  0
dt dt
2
d v R dv 1
 2   v0
dt L dt LC

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Contd..

General form of the eqn : Comparing ,

d 2 y (t ) dy (t ) Neper Frequency,
2
 2   n y (t )  0
2

dt dt R
 rad / s
2L
s1, 2     2  n
2
and Resonant Frequency,
Thus, 1
n  rad / s
y (t )  A1 e s1t  A2 e s2t LC

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Contd..

Solutions, Euler ' s formula

e j  cos   j sin 
Overdamped Case : n   2
2

i (t )  A1 e s1t  A2 e s2t
Underdampe d Case : n   2
2

i (t )  B1e t cos d t  B2 e t sin d t

Critically Damped Case:  n 2  2
 t  t
i (t )  A1t e  A2 e
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Second Order Circuits
The Complete Response
By KCL,
v dv
Iu(t)   i  C
R dt
We know, v  L di ,
dt
d 2i 1 di i I
2
   u (t )
dt RC dt LC LC
R-L- C Parallel Circuit
t  0,
d 2i 1 di i I
2
  
dt RC dt LC LC

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Contd..

i (t )  i f (t )  in (t )
where in (t ) is solution t o :
d 2i di
2
 2   ni  0
2

dt dt
1 1
where,   , n 
2 RC LC
d 2K 1 dK 1 1
2
  K
dt RC dt LC LC
KI

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Contd..

For Overdamped : i (t )  I  A1 e  A2 e
s1t s2t

For Underd amped : i (t )  I  e t ( A1 cos d t  A2 sin d t )

t t
For Critically Damped : i (t )  I  A1 te  A2 e

Euler ' s formula

e j  cos   j sin 

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 Underdamped Case
R-L-C Series

By KVL,
di
Vu(t)  Ri  L  v
dt

take i  C dv
dt,
2
d v R dv 1 V
2   v u (t )
dt L dt LC LC

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Contd..

for t  0 s,
2
d v R dv 1 V
2   v
dt L dt LC LC
R 1
where,   , n 
2L LC

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Critically Damped Case

Vu (t )  v dv
iC
R dt

2
d i 1 di 1 Vu (t )
2   i
dt RC dt LC RLC
for t  0 s,
2
d i 1 di 1 V
2   i
dt RC dt LC RLC
1 1
where,   , n 
2 RC LC

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