DATA COMMUNICATION AND

NETWORK
CHAPTER - 1
1 Dr. S K Hadia
WHAT IS DATA COMMUNICATION?
 Electronic transmission of information that has been
encoded digitally with some standard from one network
(systems) to other network (systems) via certain medium,
knows as Data Communication.
 Elements of Data Communication;
 Information / Data
 Digital encoded
 Transfer of data / sender and receiver
 Specific medium

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DATA COMMUNICATION
 Effectiveness of data communication
 Delivery
 Accuracy
 Timeliness
 Jitter

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WHAT IS NETWORK?
 A computer network often simply referred to as a
network, is a collection of hardware components, which are
interconnected by communication channels that allow
sharing of resources and information with respect to
certain set of rules / protocols via OS / software.
 Elements of Network;
 Network OS / software
 Communication channel
 Information / Data / Recourse
 Protocols
 Hardware equipments

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NETWORK CRITERIA
 Performance
 Reliability

 Security

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PHYSICAL STRUCTURE
 Physical Connection

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 Physical Topology

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A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)
A star topology connecting four stations
A bus topology connecting three stations
A ring topology connecting six stations

1.11
A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks
NETWORK CATEGORIES

 LAN
 WAN
 MAN

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TERMINOLOGIES
 Data transmission process between sender and receiver is
refer to data communication, and deployed physical
environment (hardware / software / protocols / channel ) is
network.

 Data: digital information over computer / network, which

may define with certain type of file extension; like .doc,
.ppt, .pdf, .exe, and etc. File extension dominate
nature of data file

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Resource: all sharable / accessible items over network,
which may physical / virtual, knows as resource.
physical resource - may be hard drive, printer, servers and
etc.
virtual resource - may be data files, online application, web
site, internet etc.
Share Resource: a shared resource or network share is a
device / piece of information means file / software or
application, on a computer that can be remotely accessed
from another computer.

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Channel: communication channel is a medium on which
resource can be access over network and establish
connectivity between sender and receiver. Channel speed /
network speed is depends upon bandwidth.
bandwidth - channel capacity known as bandwidth.
There are two types of channels;
physical channel like; network cable, fiber optic,
electrical wire, and etc.
logical or virtual channel like; wireless, radio
frequency, Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, and Bluetooth

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Protocols: a communications protocol is a system of digital
message formats and rules for exchanging those messages
in or between computer systems and in network /
telecommunications.
Protocols regulate the following characteristics of a
network: access method, allowed physical topologies, types
of cabling, and speed of data transfer.
Protocols may include signaling, authentication, error
detection method, and network policies.
Elements :
• Syntax
• Semantics
• Timing

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Network Hardware: all equipments / devices which may
used on network and facilitate for resource sharing and
data connectivity like; router, switch, firewall, and servers
etc.
Network Software: specialize software / OS which may
establish logical connectivity, authentication, and
management of network, commonly built-in with operating
system. Some are like; teamviewer, skype, etc

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Sender: a computer / device from which data / files are send
to specific destination.

Receiver a computer / device at which data / files are

received by source.

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DATA TRANSMISSION
 Data transmission is the physical transfer of data over a
point-to-point or point-to-multipoint channel.
Data transmission is a subset of the field of data
communications, which also includes computer networking
or computer communication applications and networking
protocols, for example routing and switching.
 Point – to –point : In telecommunications a point-to-point
connection refers to a communications connection between
two nodes or endpoints.
 Point – to –multipoint : refers to communication which is
accomplished via a specific and distinct type of one-to-many
connection

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DATA COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES
Serial Transmission - is the process of sending data one bit
at a time, in sequentially, over a communication channel /
computer bus. A data channel that transfers digital data in a
serial mode, one bit after the other over one wire, with start
and stop bit.

Serial interfaces may have multiple lines, but only one line is
used for data. On earlier PCs, the serial port was a serial
interface for attaching modems and data acquisition
terminals, and sometimes mouse.

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Parallel Transmission - is a method of sending several data
signals simultaneously over several parallel channels.

In parallel transmission, multiple bits (usually 8 bits or a

byte/character) are sent simultaneously on different channels
(wires, frequency channels) within the same cable, or radio
path, and synchronized to a clock. Due to multi channels lines
in parallel transmission, it may comparatively fast as serial
transmission.

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Transmission Characteristic - The advantages, limitations
and typical applications of parallel and serial transmission
methodologies are summarized in chart;

Transmission Serial Parallel

Characteristic

Transmission One bit comes after another, one by All bits in a single character and
description one transmit simultaneously

Comparative Speed Slower Faster

Distance Limitation Farther Shorter

Application Between two computer, from Within a computer the along

computer to external devices, and computer buses, between drive
local and wide network controller to hard drive
Cable Description All bits travel down in single wire, Each bit travel down its own wire
one bit at one time simultaneously with other bits

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DATA COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
There are three data communication channels like;
Simplex communication- refers to communication that occurs
in one direction only. Examples radio broadcast, keyboard /
mouse inputs to CPU, internet multicast, and one – lane and
one side road only.

Half duplex communication - system provides

communication in both directions, but only one direction at a
time (not simultaneously). Typically, once a party begins
receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop
transmitting, before replying. Examples walkie-talkie, one-
lane road with traffic controllers at each end.
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Full duplex communication- sometimes called double-duplex
system allows communication in both directions
simultaneously. Virtually no collisions take place on a full-
duplex transmission. Perhaps a bigger benefit is the increase
in overall throughput- since we are sending and receiving on
two different channels, we just theoretically doubled our data
transfer rate. Examples landline / mobile phone, two way
double side road.

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Comparison - some comparison between asynchronous
communication and Synchronous communication as follow;

Characteristic Asynchronous Synchronous

Transmission techniques Used serial communication Used parallel communication

Comparative capacity Data transmit one character at Data transmit block (bunch of
one time character) at one time
Distance limitation Farther (long) Shorter

Sync method Start and stop bit Clock speed

Comparative speed Low speed due to serial More efficient due to parallel
transmission transmission
Costing Simple and cheap Much cost due to mechanism

Bandwidth loss 20% to 30% over capacity 5% over capacity

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SIGNALS AND SYSTEM
A signal is an electric current or electromagnetic field used to
convey data from one place to another.

The simplest form of signal is a direct current (DC) that is

switched on and off; this is the principle by which the early
telegraph worked. More complex signals consist of an
alternating-current (AC) or electromagnetic carrier that
contains one or more data streams.

Data is superimposed on a carrier current or wave by means

of a process called modulation. Signal modulation can be done
in either of two main ways: analog and digital.

Note : In recent years, digital modulation has been getting

more common, while analog modulation methods have been
used less and less. There are still plenty of analog signals
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around, however, and they will probably never become totally
extinct.
There are three data transmissions core aspect;

Data – Actual information being sent / received, possibly

Analog (continuous) or digital (discrete).
Analog Data – Takes on continuous values. Ex. Voice or video
Digital Data – Takes on discrete values. Ex. Text and
integers

Signal - Electronic or electromagnetic representation of data,

possibly Analog or digital.
Analog Signal – Continuously varying electromagnetic wave
representing data carried over a variety of medium.
Digital Signal – Sequence of voltage pulses representing data
transmitted over a wire medium

Transmission – Communication of data by sending /

receiving, and processing data.
Analog Transmission – Communication of analog signals
Digital Transmission – Communication of digital signals 28
Analog Signals - An analog signal is any continuous signals
for which the time is variable of the signal.

Digital Signals - A digital signal is a physical signal that is a

representation of a sequence of discrete values.

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Comparison - some comparison between analog and digital
signals as follow;

Characteristic Analog Digital

Number of range Analog signals can have an Digital signals can have only a
infinite number of values in a limited number of values (1 / 0)
range
Type of data Continuous Discrete

Value of data More exact values, but more Not as exact as analog, but
difficult to work with easier to work with
Wave types Sing waves Square waves
Type of value Negative / positive Positive
Medium Wire / un-wire Wire
Device Amplifier for signals boosting Repeater for signals regenerating
(noise also be amplify) (noise isn’t boost)
Security Non-encryption Encryption
Capacity / Bandwidth Low High

Examples Voice, video, file format on Text, integers, images, computer

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tape, Radio / TV transmission format files (CD, HDD)
waves
 THE LAYERS OF THE OSI
MODEL
SOME MNEMONICS

(zafar_ayub@hotmail.com)
Copyright revised for Zafar Ayub
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
31 Data Link
Physical
Application