I.

Integumentary System
A. Function
B. Layers
Unit 5:
C. Accessory Organs
Integumentary
1. Glands and
2. Hair Urinary
Systems
3. Nail
D. Disorders

II. Urinary System 1

Skin (Integument)

2
 Integumentary System - Functions

1. Protects
a. physical trauma
b. against pathogen
invasion
c. against water loss

2. Helps regulate body

temperature
3. Senses surroundings
4. Vitamin D production
3
 Integumentary System: Composition

 Accessory Structures:
1. sweat glands
2. wax glands
3. Mammary glands
4. Oil Glands
5. Hair
6. fingernails

4
 Skin Layer: Epidermis

 outer layer of the skin

 Avascular layer of the skin
 Composed of:
 stratified squamous
epithelium
 keratin: a water proofing
protein produced by
keratinocytes
 melanin: a skin pigment
produced by melanocytes
5
 Epidermis: Cells Keratinocyte Langerhan’s
cells
 Melanin produced in
epidermis by melanocytes
 same number of
melanocytes in everyone,
but differing amounts of
pigment produced
 results vary from yellow
to tan to black color Melanocyte

 UV in sunlight increases
melanin production
 freckles or liver spots =
due to an accumulation of
Merkel’s
melanocytes
cells 6
 Skin Layer: Dermis
 the middle layer of the skin
 A vascular layer composed
of:
 fibrous connective tissue
(collagen & elastic fibers)
 Note: exposure to sun
lowers # of fibers
resulting in wrinkles
 Sensory receptors for
touch, pressure, pain &
temperature (merkle &
pacinian) 8
 Skin Layer: Hypodermis (Subcutaneous)

 below the dermis

{hypodermis or superficial
fascia}
 Composed of loose
connective tissue & adipose
tissue
 anchors the skin to
underlying structures
(usually muscles)
 allows skin to slide freely
over underlying tissue
 acts as a shock absorber
9
 Accessory: Sweat or Sudoriferous Glands

 Distributed over the entire

body
 except the nipples &
parts of the external
genitals

 People have five (5)

million glands

 There are two types

10
 Accessory: Eccrine Sweat Glands

 Particularly abundant on
palms, soles of feet and
forehead
 simple coiled tubular
gland
 coiled part in dermis -
duct extends to an
opening on the skin
surface (Pores)
Eccrine
 Secretes sweat 11
 Accessory: Composition & Functions of Sweat
 Composed of:
 H2O, Salt, Vitamin C,
antibodies
 traces of waste products
(urea, uric acid &
ammonia)

 Function of Sweat:
 excretory & temperature
regulation
 regulate body temperature
with perspiration Eccrine 12
 Accessory: Apocrine Sweat Glands
 Confined to axillary
(armpits) and pubic regions
 Ducts empty into hair
follicles
 secretions are fatty &
protein substance
 musky, unpleasant odor
(body odor)
 Stimulated during times of
pain, stress, sexual acitivity
 Sometimes called “sexual
scent glands” 13
 Accessory: Ceruminous

 Wax glands of the ears - secrete cerumen (ear wax)

 to block entrance to the ear from insects & foreign substances

14
 Accessory: Mammary Glands

Lobes of
Mammary
Gland

 milk producing glands

in the breast of
females

Lactiferous
Ducts
15
 Accessory: Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
 Secrete an oil or sebum
Sebaceous
 Found all over the body
 except for the palms &
soles of feet

 secreted into hair follicles

 Function:
 keeps hair and skin soft &
pliable
 inhibits growth of bacteria 16
 Accessory: Hair & Hair Follicle
 produced by the hair follicles
deep in the dermis Arrector pili

 composed of keratin containing

cells

 arrector pili - small muscles

associated with each hair follicle
responsible for goose bumps or
“hair raising” effect

 melanocytes - cells produce

melanin of different colors
(yellow, rust, brown, black)
resulting in different color hair Melanocytes
{blond to black} 17
 Accessory: Functions of Hair

 Prevents heat loss

 Decreases sunburn
 Eyelashes help protect
eyes
 Touch receptors (hair
root plexus) senses light
touch

18
 Accessory: Nail

 as a tool for grasping

 Tightly packed keratinized
cells

1. Nail body
 visible portion pink due to
underlying capillaries.
 Free edge appears white

2. Lunula - is white due to

thickened of underlying tissue
3. Cuticle (eponychium)
19
 Skin Disorders: Acne

 Acne - an inflammation
of the sebaceous glands
that often occurs during
adolescence

20
 Skin Disorders: Wrinkling / Sagging

skin becomes thinner & less elastic as part of the aging process

"Too much Botox, Mavis..." 21

 Skin Disorders

 vitiligo - autoimmune
loss of melanocytes in
areas of the skin
produces white patches

22
 Skin Cancer
 1 million cases diagnosed per
year
 3 common forms of skin
cancer
1. basal cell carcinoma
(rarely metastasize)
2. squamous cell carcinoma
(may metastasize)
3. malignant melanomas
(metastasize rapidly)
 risks factors include-- skin
color, sun exposure, family
history, age and
immunological status 23
 Burn

 Destruction of proteins of
the skin
 chemicals, electricity,
heat
 Problems that result
 shock due to water,
plasma and plasma
protein loss
 circulatory & kidney
problems from loss of
plasma
 bacterial infection
24
 Types of Burns
1. First-degree - only epidermis
(sunburn)
2. Second-degree burn
 destroys entire epidermis &
part of dermis
 fluid-filled blisters separate
epidermis & dermis
 heals without grafting in 3 to
4 weeks & may scar
3. Third-degree or full-thickness
 destroy epidermis, dermis &
epidermal derivatives
 damaged area is numb due to
loss of sensory nerves 25
I. Integumentary
System
II. Urinary System Unit 5:
Integumentary
A. Function
System
B. Kidney and
Urinary
C. Ureters System

D. Urinary Bladder
E. Urethra 26
 Functions of Urinary System
 Excretion: removal of Kidney
metabolic wastes from the
body
1. Urea - nitrogenous end
products of amino acid
metabolism
Ureters
2. creatinine - end products
of creatine phosphate
metabolism Urinary
bladder
3. Uric Acid - breakdown of
nucleotides - excess uric
acid in joints - Gout Urethra
27
 Functions of Urinary System
Kidney

 Maintains water - salt

balance
 more salts greater the
blood volume & greater Ureters
the blood pressure
 also maintains Urinary
appropriate levels of bladder
ions K+, Ca++, HCO3
Urethra
28
 Functions of Urinary System
Kidney

 Acid - Base Balance -

pH should be 7.4
 Kidneys monitor &
control blood pH by Ureters
excreting H+ &
reabsorbing HCO3 as
needed Urinary
bladder
 pH of Urine 6 or lower
Urethra
29
 Functions of Urinary System
 Hormonal Function - Kidney
Kidneys produce and
secrete hormones
1. Erythropoietin -
hormone which
stimulates RBC Ureters
production
2. Renin - stimulates the Urinary
adrenal cortex to bladder
release aldosterone
which causes
reabsorption of Na Urethra
30
 Urinary System Anatomy
Kidney
 Kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder &
urethra
 Urine flows from each
kidney, down its ureter Ureters
to the bladder and to the
outside via the urethra
Urinary
 Renal arteries & veins bladder
transport blood to
kidneys Urethra
31
 Kidney Anatomy: External
 Paired kidney-bean-shaped
organ
 4-5 in long, 2-3 in wide, LIVER
1 in thick
 Found just above the waist
in the “small of the back”
on the posterior wall of
abdomen
 retroperitoneal along
with adrenal glands &
ureters
 Protected by 11th & 12th ribs
Ureters
- right kidney lower 32
 Kidney Anatomy: Internal

 Kidneys - bean shaped

organ which filters blood
and produces urine
 Three regions of Kidneys:
1. Renal Cortex - outer
layer
2. Renal Medulla - cone
shaped middle masses
3. Renal Pelvis - inner
cavity that is continuous
with the Ureter
33
Internal Anatomy: Flow of Urine

34 25.3b
Figure
 Kidney Anatomy: Nephrons
 Nephrons sometimes called
kidney tubules are the
microscopic tubular filtering
structures of the kidney
 over one million per kidney
 Nephrons begin in the
cortex as a glomerular
capsule
 extends through the medulla
as convoluted tubules and
loop of Henle
 and connects to the pelvic
portion of kidney by a
collection duct 35
 Kidney Anatomy: Nephrons (Capsule)
Capsule

 Glomerular (Bowman’s)
capsule - cup like beginning
of the nephron that contains
the glomerulus, a knot of
capillaries of the renal artery

Glomerulus
36
 Structure of the Bowman’s (Glomerular) Capsule
37
 Kidney Anatomy: Nephron (Tubules)

1. Proximal Convoluted tubules

- coil tubular structures
connects the capsule to the
loop of henle
2. Loop of henle - long tubule
loop which connects the two
convoluted tubules
3. Distal Convoluted tubule -
connects the loop of henle to
the collection duct
4. Collection duct - carries urine
to the pelvis region of the
kidney

38
 Kidney Physiology: Nephron Function
 Nephrons and collecting ducts
perform 3 basic processes
1. glomerular filtration
 a portion of the blood
plasma is filtered into the
1. Filtration
kidney (Glomerulus
capsules)
2. tubular reabsorption

2. Reabsorption
 water & useful substances
are reabsorbed into the
blood (proximal
convoluted tubules)

3. Secretion
3. Tubular Secretion
 wastes are removed from
the blood & secreted as
urine (collection duct) 39
 Kidney Physiology: Urine Formation

1. glomerular filtration -
movement of water salts,
nutrient & waste molecules from
the glomerulus into the capsule
Plasma, Ions,
2. Tubular reabsorption - when & Nutrients
nutrients, salt molecules and
water re-enter the blood from the Blood
proximal convoluted tubules &
the loop of henle
3. Tubular Secretion - the non-
reabsorbed material moves into
the collection duct as urine.
water, nitrogenous waste, excess
salts

40
 Ureters Anatomy

 10 to 12 in long
 Varies in diameter from
1-10 mm
 Extends from renal
pelvis to bladder
 Enters posterior wall of
bladder
 Flow results from
peristalsis, gravity &
hydrostatic pressure
41
 Urinary Bladder: Anatomy

 Hollow, distensible
muscular organ with
capacity of 600-700ml
 Get urge to void at
250ml/uncomfortable at
500ml

42
 Urinary Bladder: Location

 Posterior to pubic symphysis

 In females is anterior to
vagina & inferior to uterus
 In males lies anterior to
rectum

43
 Urinary Bladder: Location

 Posterior to pubic symphysis

 In females is anterior to
vagina & inferior to uterus
 In males lies anterior to
rectum

44
 Urethra Anatomy

 Females
 length of 1.5 in., orifice
between clitoris & vagina

45
Urethra Anatomy
 Males
 tube passes through prostate, pelvic region & penis -
approximate length 7-8 in,

46