The Political, Social Economic and

Cultural Conditions of the country and

the idea of a Federal Philippines
SOCIAL
During the pre-colonial times, there were
distinct social classes:
1. Datu or Chief Class
2. Maharlika or nobility class
3. Timawa or the common class
4. Alipin or the dependent classes
Under the Spanish Colonization, people, including the Filipinos,
Chinese and Spaniards, were classified through a "social pyramid"

PENINSULARES
• Highest class in the Philippines
• Pure blooded Spaniards born in Spain
• The wealthiest and most politically powerful among the social classes
• Referred to as Kastilas

INSULARES
• Second in the highest class
• Spaniards born in the Philippines
• Receives discrimation from fellow Spaniards (Peninsulares)
• A son or daughter of a Spanish couple is an insulare
MESTIZOS
• Filipinos of mixed indigenous Filipino (Austronesian people/Malay/Polynesian), or
European or Chinese ancestry
• Mestizo de Sangley- A person of mixed Chinese and Malay ancestry
• Mestizo de Espanol- A person of mixed Filipino and Spanish ancestry
• Tornatras- person of mixed Spanish, Filipino, and Chinese ancestry

PRINCIPALIA
• Nobility, social, and educated class composed of Filipinos
• Gobernadorcillo or the Cabeza de Barangay who governedthe districts
• Exempted from the forced labor or the polo y servicios
• Given certain roles in the church

INDIOS
• Natives or the Indigenous people in the Philippines
• There is a negative connotations attached to it equivalent to "Idiot".
IN THE PRESENT DAY, THE SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION IN THE PHILIPPINES HAS
THREE CLASSES
(1) the upper class has high personal income,
inherited wealth and economic influence;
(2) the middle class are the small businessmen,
teachers, merchants, traders with modest income; and
(3) lower class has earning low incomes with a little
or no savings; some are unemployed.
Social Institutions in the Philippines
- Composed of groups of social positions, connected by
social relations, performing a social role
 Major Social Institutions
in the Philippines:
• Family
• Education
• Religion
• Economic Institutions
• Government as a Social Institution
The Family

• Smallest social institution with the unique function or

producing and rearing the young
• Basic unit of the Philippine society and the first education
system that every child has
• Basic agent of socialization because it is where the
individual develops valued behaviours, and ways of life
through interaction with members of the family (Vega,
2004)
• Closest knit and has strong family ties
• The Filipino family is usually extended one
 Functions of families:
1. Reproduction of the race and rearing of the young.
2. Cultural transmission or enculturation
3. Socialization of the child
4. Providing affection and a sense of security
5. Providing the environment for personality development
6. Providing social status
MARRIAGE IN THE PHILIPPINES
MONOGAMY- an individual has only one spouse during
their lifetime
• As a tradition, before marriage there will be dating and
courtship that must be done

EDUCATION INSTITUTION
• A form of learning in which the knowledge, skills and
habit of a group of people are transferred from one
generation to the next through teaching training, or
research
• School is the place for the contemplation of the reality or
show the reality to students who are naturally eager about
them.
RELIGION INSTITUTION
• Set of beliefs and practices that pertain to a sacred or supernatural
realm that guides human behavior and gives meaning to life among a
community or believers

FUNCTIONS OF RELIGIO (CALDERON, 1998)

• Serves as a means of social control
• Exerts a great influence upon personality development
• Allays fear of unknown
• Explains events or situations which are beyong comprehension of man
• Gives man comfort, strength, and hope in times of crisis and despair
• Preserves and transmit knowledge skills, spiritual, and cultural values
and practices
• Serves as an instrument of change
• Promotes closeness, love, cooperation, friendliness and helpfulness
• Alleviates sufferings from major calamities
• Provides hope for a blissful life
GOVERNMENT AS A SOCIAL INSTITUTION
• Solves conflict that are public in nature and involve more
than a few people
• Defines government as the institution by which an
independent society makes and carries out those rules of
action which are necessary to enable men to live in a
social state, or which are imposed upon the people for that
society by those who possess the power or authority of
prescribing them
• Executive, Legislative, Judicial
ECONOMIC
 Philippine economy under
Spanish colonization
• The Spaniards implemented economic programs which
mainly about land ownership and taxes. The programs are
encomienda, hacienda, imposition of different kinds of taxes,
galleon trade, monopoly, polo y servicios.

• Encomienda- is a land ownership system with a use of titulo

as proof of ownership. These are the lands given by the King
of Spain to its soldiers who joined the military expeditions.
The landlords called encomendero.
Taxation
Direct:
• Tithe- is the payment of 10% of an individuals
annual income to the government.
• Sanctorum- is the tax being paid as support to the
church.
• Tribute- is the tax or rent given to the landlord a
resident is under.
Indirect:
• Bandalā- an annual enforced sale and requisitioning of goods such
as rice. Custom duties and income tax were also collected.
• Forced labor (polo y servicio)- forced labor for 40 days of men
ranging for 16 to 60 years of age who were obligated to give
personal services to community projects.
• Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade- the main source of income for
the colony during its early years. Service was inaugurated in 1565
and continued into the early 19th century.
• Royal Society of Friends- established by Jose de Basco y Vargas,
the society was tasked to explore and exploit the island's natural
bounties. It led to the creation of Plan General Economico of
Basco.
• Royal Company of the Philippines- March 10 1785, Charles III it
with a 25 year charter. It was granted exclusive monopoly of
bringing to Manila: Chinese and Indian goods and shipping them
directly to Spain via the Cape of Good Hope.
 Philippine Economy under
Japanese Occupation
• The occupation led to economic hardships
• Economic poverty would continue to be a feature of
Japanese rule over the years, such as the use of the Japanese
currency, derisively termed as “Mickey Mouse money”
• During this time was the worst inflation in the history
Philippine economy under
American colonization
• Insular Government also called Philippine
Commission
• the growth and development of American Trade
in the Philippines was spelled out to be major
economic goal that must be met
Free Trade and Commercial Relations with the USA
• the free trade relation with the U.S. resulted in the
significant rise in Philippine foreign trade as well as in
domestic trade
Payne-Aldrich Act of 1909 (named after Representative
Sereno E. Payne and Senator Nelson W. Aldrich)
• allowed unlimited quantities of all kinds of U.S. goods to
enter the Philippines freely
• importing U.S. goods became an obligation for the
Philippines
• Philippine exports to the U.S. were given particular quota
restrictions
Tariff- tax imposed on imported products
Quotas- a restrictions on the amount of goods which can be
imported

Underwood-Simmons Act
• removing the quota on Philippine exports to U.S.

Tydings-Mcduffie Law
• provided continuation of free trade relations between the
Commonwealth of the Philippines and United States from
1935 to 1945
Economic History of the
Philippines
• In the 1960s, when South Korea was a land of peasants,
the Philippines was one of Asia's industrial powerhouses.
Prior to 1970, Philippine exports consisted mainly of
agricultural or mineral products in raw or minimally
processed form
• In the 1970, our country began to export manufactured
commodities
• In the 1970s and 80s, the Philippines declined while its
neighbors grew and became one of the poorest non-
Communist governments in Southeast Asia
• A sluggish economy combined with a fast-growing
population has forced many Filipinos to seek jobs abroad
 Philippine Economy under
Marcos
• The Philippines economy grew at a relatively high average annual
rate of 6.4 percent during the 1970s, financed in large part by
foreign-currency borrowing. External indebtedness grew from $2.3
billion in 1970 to $24.4 billion in 1983, much of which was owed to
transnational commercial banks. In the 1980s the Philippine
economy was hurt by political instability, authoritarianism,
increasing foreign debt, falling commodity prices, corporate
mismanagement and vast unemployment.
• The government, unable to meet payments on its US$2.3 billion
international debt, worked out a US$27.5 million standby credit
arrangement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) that
involved renegotiating the country's external debt and devaluing the
Philippine currency to P6.40 to the United States dollar
 Impact of Martial Law on the
Philippine Economy in the 1970s and
80s
• A general rise in world raw material prices in the early 1970s
helped boost the performance of the economy; real GNP grew at
an average of almost 7 percent per year in the five years after the
declaration of martial law, as compared with approximately 5
percent annually in the five preceding years. Agriculture
performed better that it did in the 1960s
• To finance the boom, the government extensively resorted to
international debt, hence the characterization of the economy of
the Marcos era as "debt driven". By 1976 the Philippines was
among the top 100 recipients of loans from the World Bank
• The country was thrown into an economic and political crisis that
resulted eventually, in February 1986, in the ending of Marcos's
twenty-one-year rule and his flight from the Philippines
Economy under Cory Aquino
• The Philippines economy floundered under Corazon
Aquino. Power shortages and brownouts were common.
The American military bases were closed down. Economic
growth revived in 1986 under Aquino, reaching 6.7 percent
in 1988. But in 1988 the economy once again began to
encounter difficulties. The trade deficit and the government
budget deficit were of particular concern. In 1990 the
economy continued to experience difficulties, a situation
exacerbated by several natural disasters
• The most pressing problem in the Philippine international
political economy at the time Aquino took office was the
country's US$28 billion external debt
 Economy under Ramos
• President Fidel Ramos (1992-1998) was given high marks
for handling the economy. By breaking apart monopolies,
liberalizing foreign investment laws and privatizing
business and industries by controlled powerful families,
Ramos was crediting with transforming the Philippines
from a country with a history of poverty, corruption,
rebellion, foreign ineptness and tax evasion into an
economic powerhouse that was not yet an Asian tiger but
was sometimes referred to as Asian tiger cub
Economy under Estrada
• There was a sense of optimism when Joseph Estrada was
elected. Investors shared this sense of hope and initially
poured money into the Philippines but it didn’t take long for
this optimism to evaporate. Foreign investors were turned
off by cronyism, scandals and favoritism towards
Philippines companies
• As Estrada became embroiled in scandal, the peso, the stock
markets and confidence in the Philippines as a place to
invest dropped as did his approval ratings dropped
• After his ouster in 2001 he left behind a huge budget deficit
and debt payments that were double what the country sent
on health, education and agriculture combined
Economy under Arroyo
• Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was welcomed with great fanfare
when she became president in 2001. The day she was
sworn in, the stock market surged 30 percent and
businessmen praised her skills and abilities, Arroyo
launched free market and anti-corruption policies that were
welcomed by both the local and international business
communities. Again there was a sense of hope
• But again the sense optimism didn’t last long. Investment
dried up as a result of global slowdowns and security
concerns. In 2003, the debt was estimated to be over $100
billion. The government’s debt burden reached its peak in
2004
Economy under Noynoy
• The Philippines economy picks up in the 2000s under
Benigno Acquino III. The Philippines had the second-
highest growth rate in the world 2012, after China. But as
the economy grew the unemployment grew in number as
well. But all in all, noynoy administration was good.
Cultural
Negritos
• “Atis” or “Aetas”
• Came across land bridges from mainland asia about 25,000
yrs.ago.
• Wandered in the forest and lived by haunting, fishing and
gathering wild plants and fruits
Indonesians
• First migrants to come by the sea to the philippines
• Came 5,000 years ago
• Lived in permanent homes and used fire to cook their food.
Haunting, fishing and small farming.
• Painted bodies w/ colorful figures
• Can be found in: Apayaos, Kalingas, Manobos, Tirurays,
Gaddangs, Tagbanuas
Malays
• Came after indonesians after the indonesians about 2,300 years ago
• Brought more advanced culture; iron melting and production of iron tools,
pottery techniques and the system of sawah’s (rice fields), seafaring, tool –
wielding indonesians introduced formal farming and building techniques
• Arrived in 3 ethnically diverse waves.
1st wave: the modern day bontoc and other tribes of north
luzon
2nd wave: most dominant of modern-day indigenous groups.
Bicolano, Bisayan and Tagalog
3rd wave: muslim malays
Ibaloi Mummies
• Placed in caves in central luzon between 10th and 18th
centuries
• Southeastern benguet in the Cordillera Administrative
Region; kabayan, bukod, tuba, itogon, tublay, la trinidad
• Old or seriously ill ibaloi who believe in the verge of dying
sometimes prepare their bodies for mummification by
drinking a brine solution to cleanse their bodies
Rice terraces
• said to be 2000 yrs.old
• Ifugao tribe that created them are believed to have arrived
from china 2000 yrs. Ago
Ancient trade with china
• Philippines had been trading with the chines over a long period
before the spanish
• Chinese porcelain
• From song and ming dynasties
• Chinese traders were regular visitors to towns along the coasts
of Luzon, Mindoro and Sulu.
• Gold was by then big business in Butuan
Islam
• Came to southern philippines in the 15th century from Malaysia
and Sumatra via Brunei and Borreo
• Spread to palawan and manila but was halted by the arrival of
the spanish
• 1500 islam had gained a foothold and established in the sulu
archipelago and spread from there to mindanao
• In their effort to define their world, to account for the realities in
it, and to explain their feelings, beliefs, and judgments, they
made up interesting narratives. These have come down to us in
the form of origin myths, legends, fables, tales of the
supernatural, and humorous accounts about some trickster, like
Pusong or Pilandok, or some bungling character who got by in
spite of or because of his lack of wit.
• There were also metrical accounts of native Filipino gods and
their deeds. Songs and verses filled early religious practices: to
express devotion, to atone for sins, to minister to the sick, and to
bury the dead.Verses were composed also to pray for abundance
and happiness: in the home, on the farm, on the sea, and
elsewhere. In like manner, verses aired love for and loyalty to the
barangay and its rulers. These were supplemented by accounts of
battle (kudanag), songs of victory (tagumpay, talindad), songs of
hanging a captured enemy (sambotan, tagulaylay), and songs
expressive of manliness.
Philippine culture under Spanish era
• Spread of Roman Catholic Church
• Spanish language made its way into the Filipino dialects. It is
estimated that 20% of Tagalog words are Spanish.
• Spanish money system was adopted into the Filipino lifestyle
as well as the use of Spanish numbers in business and money
transactions.
• In 1894, the governor sent out an order that all families were to
choose a new last name from a list of Spanish last names.
• Western music, dance, art recreation and customs were adopted
by Filipinos.
Bayanihan
• A core essence of Filipino culture
• It is helping out one’s neighbor as a community and
doing a task together.
POLITICAL
Pre- Spanish Era
• Philippines was divided into numerous barangays.
• Barangays had a relations with each other, for example;

MINDANAO- Sultanate of Sulu and Maguindanao

prospered.
CEBU- Lapu- Lapu and Rajah Humabon controlled Cebu.
Manila- Trading with Chinese and other nearby empires.
Spanish Era
• Powerless government posts
• Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain, the liberal Constitution
of Cadiz was adopted, giving the Philippines
representation to the Spanish Cortes.
• One of the grievances of the Illustrados that would
include indigenous voices in running the government.
• KATIPUNAN advocated complete Philippine
Independence.
• PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
• A Congress was convened in January 1899 in Barasoain
Church and inaugurated the First Philippine Republic.
American Era
• Limited self- government at the local level by 1901.
• The American passed the Philippine Organic Act in 1902
to introduce a national government by 1907.
• Nacionalista Party advocated independence but they
opposed by the Progresista Party, which advocated
statehood within the United States.
• OsRox Mission led by Osmena and House Speaker
Manuel Roxas resulted in Hare-Hawes-Cutting
• Tydings-Mc Duffie Act supported by Quezon and was
approved and paved the way for Commonwealth of the
Philippines.
Japanese Invasion of 1941
• Delayed the granting of independence, force the
Commonwealth government to go into exile, and
subjected the country to a Puppet Government.
• KALIBAPI- sole legal political Party
• Jose P. Laurel was declared president of the Second
Philippine Republic.
• The Americans reconquered the country in 1944, and
Osmena became the President of the restored
Commonwealth Government.
• First meeting of a Bicameral Commonwealth Congress
occurred.
• Grant independence on July 4, 1946.
Independent Era
• Roxas succumbed to a heart attack in 1948, allowing Vice
President Elpidio Quirino to rule the country for the next
six years.
• Easily defeated by his former Defense Secretary Ramon
Magsaysay. Garcia was defeated by his Vice President
Diosdado Macapagal.
• Macapagal was defeated in 1965 by Senator Ferdinand
Marcos.
• Marcos’ infrastructure was the feature policy of his term.
• PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION
Current Political
Condition
• Duterte sees the country as beset by the existential threats
of drugs, crime, and corruption.
• Duterte’s approach is highly personalistic and his politics
of “I will demands quick, albeit painful solutions”.
• Progress on the political and security has been mixed.
• Prospects for Constitutional Change.
FEDERALISM
Federalism is shared between the national and state
government.

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS DIVIDED INTO TWO;

• Federal Government
• Regional/State Government
Federal Government will be responsible for;
• Military
• Treaties
• Interstate Highways
• The environment
• Welfare Programs

Regional/State Government will be responsible for;

• Marriage
• Education
• State Roads
• Public Safety
• Creating their own laws
CONSTITUTIONAL
CONVENTION VS.
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
• Federalism is all about sharing power.
• Federalism is a means towards greater development, it is
not a solution to all of a problem.
• Federalism is to empower the lower levels of
government, particularly the regional level.
• Recognize diversity in unity.
• Federalism distribute sovereignty.
• The positive is the negative, when you gave more funds it
becomes vulnerable to corruption.
• Federalism should happen for the right reasons and not
just because it’s a campaign promise.