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IEM are present in all ethnic groups and across every age, most
common in newborns and may manifest at any stage of life, from
infancy to adulthood.
-Garrod’s hypothesis-
How are they caused:
Most inherited disorders of metabolism are caused by mutations in
genes that code for enzymes.
Most often these altered genes are inherited from parent(s) (germ
line mutation), but they may also occur spontaneously or
environmental factors (aquired mutation). Every inborn error of
metabolism encountered may represent fresh mutations.
How are they transmitted?
An abnormal gene is transmitted from one generation to other by
three modes,
Autosomal
Dominant inheritance
A- one normal-other
abnormal-heterozygote
affected.
B- both affected-
homozygote individual-
death.
Autosomal Recessive inheritance
Sex linked inheritance
Occurrence of IEM can be of,
Disturbances in molecular structures – eg sickle cell
anaemia
Muscular dystrophy
Phenylketonuria
Autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutation in the phenylalanine
hydroxylase gene (PAH gene)(recessive allels pp)
A special infant formula called Lofenalac is made for infants with PKU.
An enzyme assay can determine if parents carry the gene for PKU. Chorionic villus
sampling can be done during pregnancy to screen maternal PKU.
Alkaptonuria
The person with autosomal homozygous recessive genes hh (mutation in HGD
gene) fail to produce the enzyme homogentisic acid oxidase which catalysis the
oxydation of 2,5,dihydrophenylacetic acid (alkapton).
It is vital that people with albinism, use sunscreen when exposed to sunlight to
prevent premature skin aging or skin cancer. Special UV-proof clothing and
swimsuits are available and are a good alternative to excessive use of
sunscreen.
Muscular dystrophies:
Muscular dystrophy was first described in the 1830s by ”Charles Bell”.
Greek –dys, meaning "difficult" and troph meaning "nourish“.
Because the Duchenne gene is found on the X-chromosome, it primarily affects boys;
however, it occurs across all races and cultures.
14BZO041
M. SREE VARSHINI