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› The symbol for SAR can be written SRls, and
. The Saudi Arabian Riyal is divided into 100
halalat.
› The exchange rate for the Saudi Arabian Riyal
was last updated on October 7, 2010 from The
International Monetary Fund.
› The Indian Rupee is the currency in India
 9

 
› Trade barriers are a general term that describes
any government policy or regulation that
restricts international trade.
› The barriers can take many forms, including the
following terms that include many restrictions in
international trade within multiple countries
that import and export any items of trade:
Tariff Barriers-Tariffs are usually associated
with protectionism, the ?

 policy of
restraining trade between nations. For political
reasons, tariffs are usually imposed on imported
goods, although they may also be imposed on
exported goods.

Types of tariff barriers

specific tariff
revenue tariff
prohibitive tariff
protective tariff
Environmental tariff
Retaliatory tariff
è

? èon-tariff barriers are trade
barriers that restrict imports but are not in the
usual form of a tariff. Some common examples
of èTB's are anti-dumping measures
and countervailing duties.
a. Import Policy Barriers
b. Standards, Testing, Labeling and Certification
requirements
c. Anti-dumping & Countervailing Measures
d. Export Subsidies and Domestic Support
e. Government procurement
Labeling and Marking Requirements
› compulsory for any products to be exported to
~ .
› Labeling is particularly important for companies
marketing food products, personal care
products, health care products, and
pharmaceuticals.
Prohibited Imports
Importation of weapons, alcohol, narcotics, pork,
pornographic materials, distillery equipment,
and certain sculptures are also prohibited by law
› ~  is currently in the process of
accession to the World Trade Organization
(WTO). As a result, once ~  is
admitted, the country's trade regime should
become more accommodating to non-~
business and transparent.
› ~ laws often favor ~ citizens, and the
Kingdom still has a different set of trade
barriers, mainly regulatory and bureaucratic
practices, which restrict the level of trade.
› For example, only ~ nationals are permitted
to engage in trading activities.
› All industrial enterprises are open to non-Saudis,
and they can also trade in the products they
manufacture. èon-Saudis are not permitted to
register as commercial agents.
› Business Visas: All visitors to ~  must
have a ~ sponsor in order to obtain a
business visa to enter ~ .
› The ~ who agrees to act as a sponsor
accepts certain legal obligations including
personal liability for the actions of the visitor.
› Protective Tariffs and èon-Tariff Trade Barriers:
~ tariff protection is generally moderate,
but has increased over the years.
› A number of ~ Xinfant industriesX now enjoy
20 percent tariff protection as opposed to the
general rate of 12 percent. ~ non-tariff
barriers also are increasing.
› Customs Valuation All merchandise moving
through ~ customs ports is appraised by the
Department of Customs of the Ministry of
Finance.
Import Licenses
The importation of certain articles is either
prohibited or requires special approval from
competent authorities.
In addition, import of the following products
requires special approval by ~ authorities
agricultural seeds; live animals and fresh and
frozen meat; books, periodicals, movies, and
tapes; religious books and tapes; chemicals and
harmful materials; pharmaceutical products;
wireless equipment; horses; products containing
alcohol, e.g., perfume; natural asphalt;
archaeological artifacts.
Export Controls
~ exporters need to submit a copy of their
commercial registration which indicates they are
allowed to export.
They are also required to submit a certificate of
origin of ~ products (issued by the Ministry
of Commerce).
Certain items such as antiques, Arabian horses,
livestock, or subsidized items need special
approval to export.
Exports of oil, petroleum products, natural gas and
wheat all require export licenses.
Documents are required for exporting goods into
~ :
A notarized certificate of origin authenticated at a
Saudi diplomatic mission and local chamber of
commerce or U.S.-Arab Chamber; a similarly
authenticated invoice ,which must state
the country of origin, name of the
carrier, brand and number of goods, and
description of the goods including weight and
value; a clean bill of lading; documents
indicating compliance with health regulations, if
applicable; insurance documents if shipments
are sent CIF.
Temporary Entry
› For temporary entry of goods for promotional
purposes, imports need an invoice with the value
of the goods endorsed by the local chamber of
commerce, and a certificate of origin.
› The invoice should state that the goods are
being imported for exhibition purposes only and
will be re-exported.
› ~ Customs requires a deposit for these
goods (either 12 percent or 20 percent of the
total value). This deposit is refundable when the
exhibition is over
D

› The Quran and the Sunna constitute the

effective constitution of Saudi Arabia.
› The Basic law (èizam), a series of laws issued by
King Fahd in 1992, serves as an informal
constitution.
› The government-appointed clergy act as the
nominal arbiters of constitutional matters, but
the king retains absolute authority to determine
the outcome of constitutional disputes.
› The ^
is the head of state.
› Rules by decree in accordance with Islamic law
(Sharia) and with the consensus of senior princes
and religious officials.
?
?
?: Is the head of the Council of
Ministers
› Appoints and removes deputy prime ministers,
ministers, and other members of the Council of
Ministers by royal order.
› King has the right to dissolve and reorganize the
Council of Ministers.
›  Saudi Arabiaǯs legal system is based
primarily on the principles of the Sharia. The
Judiciary issues its rulings on the basis of what is
stated in the Quran and in the Sunna.
› Sharia laws are supplemented by laws legislated
by the government.
› The king is responsible for the implementation
of judicial rulings.
[

There are four tiers of Sharia Courts, which hear
cases involving criminal, family, personal injury,
and property matters. Sharia courts fall under
the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice
[

 è
There is widespread public perception of
corruption within the royal family, facilitated by
the lack of transparency in government
accounts. The royal family is perceived to abuse
government funds, property rights and contracts
Transparency International Corruption Perception
Index 2007 ranks Saudi Arabia 79th out of 180
countries
ë



a. Personal Liberties
b. Legislation Regulating the Exercise of Rights
c. Law on Associations
d. Personal Status Law
e. Labor Law