SCIENCE FORM 2

CHAPTER 2

NUTRITION
Lunch Time…
 Important of food
• Growth
• Provides energy for carrying out work
• Warms the body
• Builds new cells
• Repairs and replaces damaged tissues
 CLASSES OF FOOD

Carbohydrate Protein Fat Vitamins

Dietary fibre
Mineral salts Water
( roughage )
 CARBOHYDRATES
• Main Source of energy
• Made up of carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen
• There are three types of carbohydrate
- sugar
- starch
- cellulose
• Example: rice, potato, bread
and banana.
 PROTEINS
• Important for growth
• Made up carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
nitrogen.
• Used for building body tissues, enzymes
and hormones.
• Examples: fish, milk, meat, egg white and
nuts.
• Lack of protein will cause the disease
known as kwashiorkor.
 FATS
• Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Provide energy
• Protect vital organs
• Help to keep body warm
 VITAMINS
• Vital for healthy growth
• Require in only small quantities.
 Type of vitamins Function Deficiencies

A - Maintains night visions. - Night blindness

-carrot, milk, papaya, - Keeps the skin healthy. - Xerophthalmia
egg - Dry scaly skin

B - Maintains nervous system for formation - Beri-beri

- liver, tomato, nut of red blood cells. - Anaemia
- Pellagra

C - Maintains healthy skin and gum. - Scurvy (Bledding gum)

- Orange, papaya, - heals wounds. - Unhealthy Skin
green vegetables - Anaemia

D - Helps in the absorption of calcium and - Rickets

- Egg, milk, fish liver phosphorus. - Osteomalacia
oil
E - Maintains the function of the - Infertility
- Vegetables oil, liver, reproductive system.
milk
K - Prolonged bleeding
- Maize, sunflower, - Helps in coagulation of blood.
green vegetables
 MINERAL SALTS
• Help to maintain our body’s health.
• Require in only small quantities.
 MINERAL SALTS
Type of minerals Function Deficiencies

CALCIUM - Built strong bones and teeth. - Rickets

- cheese - Assists Blood Clotting - Osteoporosis
- Prolonged bleeding
IODINE - Needed for the production of - Goitre
- prawn, fish thyroxine hormones which ensure
functioning of the thyroid gland.
IRON - Needed for formation of haemoglobin - Anaemia
-Meat, liver - Tiredness
PHOSPHORUS - Build strong bones and teeth - Rickets
- milk, fish - Helps to maintain a healthy muscular - Tooth decay
system. - Weak muscles
POTASSIUM - Preserves nervous system. - Paralysis
- Milk, egg - Maintain body fluid. - Fatigue and muscular
cramps.
SODIUM - Essential for the formation of blood - Muscular cramps
- Common salt plasma
- Maintain body fluid
 FIBRES
• Facilitate the movement of bowel.
• The main source of fibre are vegetables
and fruit.
• Deficiency of fibre in our diet causes
constipation.
 WATER
• Made up of hydrogen and oxygen
• Function:
- helps to regulate body temperature.
- dissolves and transports essential
substances to various parts of the body.
- maintain viscosity of the blood.
 Questions
Choose the number of
questions below

Good Luck!
1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10
1. Which group of food contains a high
content of carbohydrate?
- Kumpulan makanan yang manakah mengandungi
kandungan karbohidrat yang tinggi.

A Rice, fish, milk

B Potato, rice, bread
C Coconut, egg, tomato
D Banana, rice, meat
2. Which of the following pairs of food class and
examples is correct?
- Antara pasangan kelas makanan dan contoh
bahan makanan berikut, yang manakah betul?

A Carbohydrate - Potato
B Protein - Rice
C Fat - Fish
D Fibre - Noodle
3. The food items in the list below are sources for a class of food.
- Meat
- Fish
- Milk

Which of the following is the function of this class of food?

- Makanan-makanan di bawah ini merupakan sumber bagi

satu kelas makanan.
- Daging
- Ikan
- Susu
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah fungsi kelas makanan itu?

A Protects the internal organs

B Dissolves some vitamins
C Repairs damaged tissue
D Acts as the medium for chemical reactions in the body.
4. Which of the following classes of food can be found in
large amounts in the food items listed below?

- Lime
- Spinach
- Kangkung

- Antara kelas-kelas makanan yang berikut yang manakah terdapat

dengan banyak dalam makanan seperti di atas ini?

- Buah limau
- bayam
- Kangkung

A Water
B Fibre
C Protein
D Mineral salts
5. Vitamin X has the following characteristics.
- Prevents scurvy
- Promotes healthy skin
- Found in lime
Based on the given information, what is vitamin X?

Vitamin X mempunyai ciri-ciri berikut:

- Mencegah skurvi
- Memelihara kesihatan kulit
- Terdapat dalam limau
Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi, apakah vitamin X?

A Vitamin A
B Vitamin B
C Vitamin C
D Vitamin D
6. Which class of food is used mainly to
repair damaged tissue?
Kelas makanan yang manakah berfungsi
untuk memperbaiki kerosakkan tisu?

A Water
B Vitamins
C Carbohydrates
D Proteins
7. Figure 1 shows a food. What nutrient are
present large quantities in the food?
- Rajah 1 menunjukan sejenis makanan. Nutrien
apakah yang paling banyak terkandung dalam
makanan tersebut?

A Protein
B Fibre
C Water
D Fats
8. Rickets is caused by a lack of which
nutrient?
Kekurangan zat makanan yang manakah akan
menyebabkan penyakit riket?

A Calcium
B Iodine
C Iron
D Potassium
9. Abu ate two pieces of roti canai with fish curry
and two fried chicken nuggets. His meal is not
balanced because it does not contain
Abu memakan dua keping roti canai bersama kari ikan.
Selepas itu dia memakan dua ketul nugget ayam yang
digoreng. Pemakanan Abu adalah tidak seimbang kerana
ia tidak mengandungi

A Fats
B Fibre
C Proteins
D Carbohydrates
10. Ahmad Suffering the Goitre disease.
Which is mineral lacks in his diet?

Ahmad menghidap penyakit goitre (beguk). Antara

mineral berikut yang manakah kekurangan dalam
gizi makanannya?

A Sodium
B Iodine
C Iron
D Calcium
 WATER

CARBOHYDRATES VITAMIN

NUTRITION PROTEINS

FATS MINERAL

FIBRE
 BALANCED DIET
• Contain the right amount of carbohydrates,
proteins, fats, vitamin, minerals, fibre and water
to meet daily requirment of the body.
• Why we need a balanced diet?
1.Supplying the requirement amount of energy
2.Supplying material for growth
3.Supplying nutrient to maintain good health
Healthy Eating Pyramid

Carbohydrates: take most food

from this group (rice, pasta,
bread, potatoes)
Healthy Eating Pyramid

Fruit and vegetables: take 5

portions a day from this group

Carbohydrates: take most food

from this group (rice, pasta,
bread, potatoes)
Healthy Eating Pyramid

Meat, fish and dairy:

take something from
this group
Fruit and vegetables: take 5
portions a day from this group

Carbohydrates: take most food

from this group (rice, pasta,
bread, potatoes)
Healthy Eating Pyramid
Foods high in fats and sugars:
take only small amounts from
this group

Meat, fish and dairy:

take something from
this group
Fruit and vegetables: take 5
portions a day from this group

Carbohydrates: take most food

from this group (rice, pasta,
bread, potatoes)
 BALANCED DIET
Class of food Amount to be take

Carbohydrates 80%

Fats 10%

Proteins 10%

Water & Fiber Sufficient amount

Vitamin & Mineral Sufficient amount

 Calorific Value of Food
• The energy contained in food is determined in
calories and joules

1 calorie = 4.2 joules (J)

1 kilocalories = 4.2 kilojoules (kJ)

• One calories is the amount of heat required to

raise the temperature of one gram of water by
1°C
 Average Calorific Value
Class of food Calorific value

Fat 38.5 kJ per gram

Protein 22.2 kJ per gram

Carbohydrate 17.2 kJ per gram

 One balanced diet for adult
Class of food Percentage Number of Weight (gram)
kilojoules

Carbohydrates 80% 10000 580

Proteins 10% 1250 56

Fats 10% 1250 32

 QUIZ 1
The calorific value for fish,
cabbage and vegetable oil are
determined and presented in a
Calorific value (J/100 gram)

bar graph shown in figure 1.

Identify the graph for each food

Fish Cabbage Vegetable oil

A Z X Y

B Z Y X

C X Z Y

D Y X Z
 QUIZ 2
• The label below shows calories value for the
fish fried rice.
Rice: 4.09 kilocalories per gram
Fish: 5.28 kilocalories per gram
Vegetable oil: 9.16 kilocalories per gram
• Ahmad want to make fish fried rice with 500
gram of rice, 150 gram of fish and 20 gram of
vegetable oil. How much energy (kilojoules) in
fish fried rice that Ahmad produced?
 ANSWER
Quiz 1
• Answer: A, because vegetable oil high in
calorific value, follow by fish and lastly cabbage
Quiz 2
• Answer: rice:
(4.09 kcal x 500 gm = 2045 kcal)
fish:
(5.28 kcal x 150 gm = 792 kcal)
 ANSWER
vegetable oil:
(9.16 kcal x 20 gm = 183.2 kcal)
Sum all food = rice + fish + vegetable oil
2045 + 792 + 183.2
= 3020.2 kcal
Convert to kJ = 3020.2 x 4.2
= 12684.84 kilojoules
*Energy that produce by Ahmad is 12684.84
kilojoules
 THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
a) Salivary gland h) Oesophagus

b) Liver i) Stomach

c) Gall bladder j) Bile duct

d) Duodenum k) Pancreas

e) Pancreatic duct l) Small intestine

f) Large intestine m) Appendix

g) Rectum n) Anus
THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
 THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
• Human digestive system is a complex
series of organs and glands that
processes food.
• In order to use food we eat, our body has
to break the food down into smaller
molecules.