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RADIODIAGNOSTIC AND
RADIOTERAPHY
1970 1972
1976
1990
1978
CT Training for Radiographers. 5
ELECTRON BEAM OF CT
HELICAL, 1990
Slip ring technology
Acquired data while table
is moving
Typical pitch ratio 0.5 - 2
table feed per rotation
pitch
collimated nominal slice width
2t
( a b) t
Bm S
(a t ) a
1 a
2t 2 Bm
( a b)
• High efficiency
• Quick response time
• High dynamic range
• Stability
• “Steadiness” of detector
system
• Consistency of detector signal
over time
• The less stable, the more
frequently calibration
required
Scintillation + PMT
XENON GAS
Ceramic Scintillation
+ Photodiode
Doubles
Ray Density and thus
Doubles
Spatial Resolution
with the same number
of detectors
3 6 13 16 X-RAY
9 12 19 22
8 14 1 2
16 17 3 4
1 2
3 4 5 11
4 6
9 10
4 6
Io It
μ1 μ2 μ3 μ4 μn
x x
I1 I 0 e 1 x , I 2 I1 e 2 x , I 3 I 2 e 3 x , I 4 I 3 e 4 x
1 Io
1 2 3 4 ... n ln
x It
1 Io
i ln
i 1 x It
7 6 6
1 3 7
2 0 1
µ p
(x,y,z) (x,z)
VOXEL PIXEL
MATRIX SIZE, 16 x 16
10 mm
.68 mm .6 mm .68 mm
.68 mm .68 mm
( x,y ) - water
CTN ' s ( x, y ) x1000 HU
water
( x,y ) - water
CTN ' s ( x, y ) x1000 HU
water
• Bone = 0.528
• Blood = 0.208
• Gray Matter = 0.212
• White Matter = 0.213
• CSF = 0.207
• Water = 0.206
• Fat = 0.185
• Air = 0.0004
CT Training for Radiographers.
CT Training for Radiographers.
CT Training for Radiographers. 53
Same WL and Deff WW
256
0 (black)
0 1000 2000
-1000 HU 0 HU 1000 HU
y x
F(x,y) ln( I 0 / I1 (t , )) (d cos l sin , d sin l cos )dl
Io
g (d , ) f (d cos l sin , d sin l cos ) dl
d
Radon Transform
It(d,Ө) x
g(d,Ө)
attenuated intensity : I ( X ) I 0 ( X )e
f ( x , y ) dY
I0 ( X )
projection data : p ( X , ) f ( x, y )dY ln
I(X )
1
Filtered data : p f ( X , ) jUX
P (U , ) U e dX
2
wher e P (U , ) is 1D FFT of p ( X , )
Back projection : f ( x, y ) p f ( x cos y sin , )d
0
1.5 1.5
1
1 1
0.5 0.5
0.5
0
0 0
-0.5
1 -0.5
1 1 -0.5
0 1 1
0
0 1
-1 -1 0
0
-1 -1 0
-1 -1
SSCT MSCT
SSCT COBRA
(Philips)
CT Training for Radiographers. 67
SSCT vs MSCT
SSCT COBRA
(Philips)
CT Training for Radiographers. 68
SSCT vs MSCT
Doubles
Ray Density and thus
Doubles
Spatial Resolution
with the same number
of detectors
Without With
4 x 1.25 5 40 32
8 x 1.25 10 20 16
16 x 1.25 20 10 8
64 x 0.625 40 5 4
Over 525
40-mm
systems
installed
worldwide
as of
December
2005
Collimator
Generator
Detection System