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Kendall R. Lamkey
Department of Agronomy
Iowa State University
Ames, IA 50010
http://www.agron.iastate.edu/corn
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Outline
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Conventional Plant Breeding
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Transgenics
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Gene Discovery
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Transformation
Parts of a transgene
The promoter -
• Usually taken from a corn gene
• Determines where and when the transgene will
function
• The gene can be Tissue Specific or Constitutive
P (B LA ) r - z e in p r o
The coding sequence -
A Pr
P o r c in e la c ta lb u m in Determines what the gene
does
3 'U T R 1
p A H C 2 5 /z e in p r o /la c ta l
7320 bp Must be modified to
O RI resemble a corn gene
P (L A C )
3 'U T R 1 U b i pro
BAR
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“Gene
Gun”
Backcrossing
R D
BC3F1 (93.75%) +/+ x Bt/Bt
½ +/+ : ½ +/Bt
R F1 (50%)
+/+ x +/Bt
BC3F2 (93.75%)
¼ +/+ : ½ +/Bt : ¼ Bt/Bt R BC1F1 (75%)
+/+ x ½ +/+ : ½ +/Bt
BC3F3 R BC2F1 (87.5%)
Bt/Bt +/+ x ½ +/+ : ½ +/Bt
BC3F1 (93.75%)
½ +/+ : ½ +/Bt
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Conventional vs. Transgenic
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Conventional vs. Transgenic
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Gene flow
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Gene Flow
• Seed Dispersal
– Spillage
– Seed shattering
– Mechanical mixing
• Horizontal Transfer
– nonsexual transfer of genetic material from one organism
to another
• Pollen Movement
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Pollen Movement
• Crop to wild
– Grain crops have no wild relatives in the US
– Needs to be assessed on a crop by crop basis
• Crop to weed
– Must be assessed on a crop by crop basis
• Crop to crop
– Our primary concern
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Pollen Movement
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Pollen Movement - Corn
• Characteristics of Corn
– One plant produces 18,000,000 to
25,000,000 pollen grains
– One plant theoretically has enough pollen
to pollinate an acre of corn
– There have been surprisingly few studies
of pollen movement in corn, especially
long distance movement
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Pollen Movement - Corn
M. Garcia C., J. Figueroa M., R. Gomez L., R. Townsend, and J. Schoper. 1998. Pollen
control during transgenic hybrid maize development in Mexico. Crop Science 38:1597
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Pollen Movement - Corn
19 Meters
White Yellow
Corn Corn
Tassels
Removed
30 Meters
Plants
With
Yellow
Seeds
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Pollen Movement - Corn
M. Garcia C., J. Figueroa M., R. Gomez L., R. Townsend, and J. Schoper. 1998. Pollen
control during transgenic hybrid maize development in Mexico. Crop Science 38:1597
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Pollen Movement - Corn
• Four recommendations
– Use transgenic plants as females and remove
tassels prior to pollen shed
– Spatial isolation > 185m
– Use temporal isolation by planting 1 or 2 weeks
later than surrounding corn
– Scout and destroy sexually compatible plants in
the area of presumed pollen movement
M. Garcia C., J. Figueroa M., R. Gomez L., R. Townsend, and J. Schoper. 1998. Pollen
control during transgenic hybrid maize development in Mexico. Crop Science 38:1597
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Pollen Movement - Corn
S. Luna V., J. Figueroa M., B. Baltazar M., R. Gomez L., R. Townsend, and J. B. Schoper. 2001. Maize Pollen
Longevity and Distance Isolation Requirements for Effective Pollen Control. Crop Sci. 41:1551–1557
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Pollen Movement - Corn
S. Luna V., J. Figueroa M., B. Baltazar M., R. Gomez L., R. Townsend, and J. B. Schoper. 2001. Maize Pollen
Longevity and Distance Isolation Requirements for Effective Pollen Control. Crop Sci. 41:1551–1557
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Pollen Movement - Corn
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Pollen Movement - Corn
• What is low?
– Assume 1% contamination (100 0f 10,000 kernels
– 1 lb corn = 1800 kernels
– 1 bushel corn = 100,800 kernels
– 1 semi = 750 bushels = 75,600,000
– 756,000 contaminating kernels per semi
– Or 7.5 bushels / semi
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What Can Be Done?
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What Can Be Done?
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What Can Be Done?
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What Can Be Done?
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What Can Be Done?
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What Can Be Done?
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What Do I Recommend?
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What Does Aphis Require
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Other Issues
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Other Recommendations
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Conclusion
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