Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
1
Learning Outcomes
Add NH3
Original equilibrium: Q=K
Disturbance: Add NH3
[NH3] increase
Q≠K
The disturbance
(addition of NH3)
is reduced,
not eliminated.
5
The Effect of Added Cl2 on PCl3–Cl2–PCl5 System
Concentration
Pressure and volume
Temperature
Presence of Catalyst
7
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Factors that Affect the System at Equilibrium
CHANGE IN CONCENTRATION
If the concentration increases, the system reacts to
consume some of it.
aA + bB cC + dD
14
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Factors that Affect the System at Equilibrium
CHANGE IN CONCENTRATION
Try this …
To improve air quality and obtain a useful product,
sulphur is often removed from coal and natural gas by
treating the fuel contaminant hydrogen sulphide with
O2 :
2H2S(g) + O2(g) 2S(s) + H2O(g)
What would happen to
Answer :
a) [H2O] if O2 is added? a) increases
b) [H2S] if O2 is added? b) decreases
c) [O2] if H2S is removed? c) Increases
d) [H2S] if sulfur is added? d) unchanged
15
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Factors that Affect the System at Equilibrium
CHANGE IN PRESSURE
Only involve systems with gaseous components.
Liquids and solids are nearly incompressible.
19
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Factors that Affect the System at Equilibrium
CHANGE IN PRESSURE
20
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Factors that Affect the System at Equilibrium
CHANGE IN PRESSURE
You try this …
What effect does an increase in pressure have on each
of the following systems at equilibrium? The
temperature is kept constant and in each case, the
reactants are in a cylinder fitted with a movable piston.
a) A(s) 2B(s)
b) 2A(l) B(l)
c) A(s) B(g)
d) A(g) B(g)
e) A(g) 2B(g)
21
21
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Factors that Affect the System at Equilibrium
CHANGE IN PRESSURE
You try this … Answer !
a) A(s) 2B(s)
b) 2A(l) B(l)
c) A(s) B(g)
d) A(g) B(g)
e) A(g) 2B(g)
22
22
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Factors that Affect the System at Equilibrium
CHANGE IN PRESSURE
You try this …
Consider the following equilibrium systems:
a) 2PbS(s) + 3O2(g) 2PbO(s) + 2SO2(g)
b) PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) Answer :
a) Right
d) H2(g) + CO2(g) H2O(g) + CO(g) b) Left
c) No change
d) 2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g) d) Left
26
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Factors that Affect the System at Equilibrium
CHANGE IN PRESSURE
Addition of an Inert Gas at Constant Pressure
PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) PCl5(g)
2 mol gas noble gas 1 mol gas
Disturbance : addition of inert gas
Total gas pressure decreases.
System will reduce the disturbance by …
increasing the number of gas molecules.
proceeding to the left – more reactants produced
[PCl3] and [Cl2] increase.
[PCl5] decreases.
Equilibrium favours the reactants. 27
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Factors that Affect the System at Equilibrium
CHANGE IN PRESSURE
Addition of an Inert Gas at Constant Pressure
2H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
2 mol gas noble gas 3 mol gas
Disturbance : addition of inert gas
Total gas pressure decreases.
System will reduce the disturbance by …
increasing the number of gas molecules.
proceeding to the right – more products produced
[H2] and [O2] increase.
[H2O] decreases.
Equilibrium favours the products. 28
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Factors that Affect the System at Equilibrium
CHANGE IN PRESSURE
Addition of an Inert Gas at Constant Pressure
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
2 mol gas noble gas 2 mol gas
Disturbance : addition of inert gas
Total gas pressure decreases.
System will reduce the disturbance by …
increasing the number of gas molecules ????
Number of moles of reactants and product are
the same !
The equilibrium position is not affected.
29
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Factors that Affect the System at Equilibrium
CHANGE IN PRESSURE
Addition of an Inert Gas at Constant Volume
30
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Factors that Affect the System at Equilibrium
CHANGE IN PRESSURE
Addition of an Inert Gas at Constant Volume
• From Dalton’s law:
T increase T decrease
T increase T decrease
• Shift the position of • Shift the position of
equilibrium in the direction as equilibrium in the direction as
to decrease the T. to increase the T.
• So, the position of equilibrium • So, the position of equilibrium
will shift to the right in order to will shift to the left in order to
absorbed the heat supplied. released the heat supplied.
Answer :
a) [Ca(OH)2] decrease, K decrease b) [CO2] increase, K increase c) [H2] increase, K decrease
d) [N2] decrease, K increase e) [PCl5] decrease, K decrease 39
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Factors that Affect the System at Equilibrium
CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE
Try this …
Predict the effect of increasing the temperature
on the amounts of products in the following
reactions:
a) CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) DH = –90.7 kJ
b) C(s) + H2O(g) CO(g) + H2(g) DH = 131 kJ
c) 2NO2(g) 2NO(g) + O2(g) (endothermic)
d) 2C(s) + O2(g) 2CO(g) (exothermic)
Answer :
40
a) Decrease b) Increase c) Increase d) No effect
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Factors that Affect the System at Equilibrium
PRESENCE OF CATALYST
A catalyst changes the reaction rate but does not
change the yield of the reaction products.
Therefore, a catalyst does not change the composition
of the equilibrium mixture.
Hence, a catalyst does not change the value of KC.
A catalyst increases reaction rates of both the forward
and the reverse reaction to the same extend.
So, the same equilibrium mixture is obtained faster.
Hence, a catalyst has no effect on the equilibrium
position.
41
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Factors that Affect the System at Equilibrium
PRESENCE OF CATALYST
Try this …
In an uncatalyzed reaction
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
the pressure of the of the gases at equilibrium are :
PN O = 0.377 atm and PNO = 1.5 atm at 100oC.
2 4 2
Fritz Haber
1868 - 1934
47
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Application of Le Chatelier’s Principle
THE HABER PROCESS
An industrial process for the manufacture of ammonia.
Decrease [NH3]
Decrease volume (increase pressure)
Decrease temperature
49
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Application of Le Chatelier’s Principle
THE HABER PROCESS
Decrease [NH3]
• Product : Ammonia
• By removing ammonia, the system will produce
more in continual drive to re-attain equilibrium
• The equilibrium will shift to the right to produce
more ammonia (product).
50
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Application of Le Chatelier’s Principle
THE HABER PROCESS
Answer :
Ideal conditions : low pressure, high temperature, and continual removal of
CO2, as it forms. 54
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Application of Le Chatelier’s Principle
Try this … 2
The oxidation of SO2 to SO3 is an important industrial
reactions because it is the key in sulfuric acid production: