Wellbore Stimulation

ACID-MINERAL REACTION STOICHIOMETRY

The stoichiometry of the chemical reaction,

• The amount of acid needed to dissolve a given amount of mineral , describes the
number of moles of each species involved in the reaction.

• For example, the simple reaction between hydrochloric acid (HCl) and calcite
(CaC03) can be written as
which shows that 2 moles of HCl are required to dissolve 1 mole of
CaCo3
 Dissolving Power
A more convenient way to express reaction
stoichiometry is with the dissolving power,

The dissolving power expresses the amount of

mineral that can be consumed by a given amount
of acid on a mass or volume basis.
 The gravimetric dissolving power

The gravimetric dissolving power, the mass of mineral consumed by a given mass
of acid, is defined as
 The volumetric dissolving power

The volumetric dissolving power, X, similarly defined as the volume of

mineral dissolved by a given volume of acid, is related to the gravimetric
dissolving power by
 Sandstone Acidizing Design

Acid Volume Requirement

Acid Injection Rate
Acid Injection Pressure
 Carbonate Acidizing Design
Acid Volume Requirement
(1) Daccord’s wormhole propagation model
(2) The volumetric model
 Hydraulic Fracturing
Formation Fracturing Pressure

Formation fracturing pressure is also called breakdown pressure.

The in situ stress caused by the weight of the overburden formation in the vertical
direction is expressed
The overburden stress is carried by both the rock grains and the fluid within the pore
space between the grains. The contact stress between grains is called effective stress

where v is Poison’s ratio. The minimum horizontal stress is expressed as

The maximum horizontal stress may:

called tectonic stress

The breakdown pressure

Productivity of Fractured Wells
The fold of increase can be expressed as

Sf equivalent skin factor

FCD > 100

FCD < 1,
 Selection of Proppant

Proppant must be selected on the basis of in situ stress conditions.

Major concerns are compressive strength and the effect of stress on proppant
permeability

The compressive strength (closure strenght) of the proppant should be greater than
the effective horizontal stress
 The maximum Treatment Pressure
The maximum treatment pressure is expected to occur when the formation is broken
down. The bottom-hole pressure is equal to the formation breakdown pressure