PIPE

ELBOW
Presented by :
James Adrian C. Gupo
ME-5104
15-52856
What is the purpose or use of an
elbow pipe?
• Change the fluid flow direction of the pipings
• It is use to connect two pipes
• change direction to any angle as per requirement
• the angle by which the flow direction deviates from its original flowing
direction
• used in flow lines for gases, fluids in industrial processes, medical,
construction and many other specialized applications.
• The elbows are constructed of heavy materials for rigid applications
like extreme high/low temperature resistance etc.
• use on process and control systems, instrumentation, and equipment
used in chemical, petroleum, fluid power, electronic and pulp and paper
plants.
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Why do we need elbow pipe, even if
there is a bend pipe?
Pipe bend
meant to mean nothing more than that
there is a “bend” – a change in
direction of the piping
it lacks specific, engineering definition
as to direction and degree.
It is well-known that bend do not have
anticorrosive processing is easy
damaged
Elbow pipe
Allow you to reroute regularly threaded
pipes to turn corners or fit in limited
space without the expense of buying a
pipe bender.
Elbow price is higher than bend. But
cost performance is much higher than
bend.
elbow need manufacturers make to
order, to do anti-corrosion, order cycle
is long
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ELBOW PIPE
As per body material there are:
• stainless steel elbow
• carbon steel elbow
• and alloy steel
As per fluid directions there
are:
• 22.5 degree
• 45 degree
• 90 degree elbow
• and 180 degree
As per elbow length and radius
there :
• short radius elbow (SR elbow)
• long radius elbow (LR elbow)
As per connections types there
are :
• butt weld elbow,
• socket weld elbow and
• threaded steel piping elbow.
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As per body
material there are:
Stainless steel elbow
• Stainless steel elbow material in stainless (Added Cr and Ni chemicals in
carbon steel), standards and grades commonly in ASTM A403 WP
304/304L, 316/316L, ASTM A270 etc. It has higher strength and higher
corrosion-resistances than carbon steel elbow.
• Surface treatment in 2B or mirror, these are usually used in food industries
and sanitary purposes.
For general surface treatment stainless steel elbow commonly used in high
corrosion environment in chemical plants or offshore oil and gas pipelines.

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As per body
material there are:
Carbon steel elbow
• Material in carbon steel, referred standards as:
ASTM 234 WPB and WPC
ASTM A420 WPL6
MSS-SP-75 WPHY 42, 46, 52, 56, 60, 65 and 70
Alloy steel
–WP 22-WP 5-WP 91-WP 911ASTM A335 P22ASME SA335 P91
elbow ASTM A234 WP 11
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As per fluid directions
there are:
45º elbow

• also known as a "45 bend" or "45 ell",

is commonly used in water-supply
facilities, food, chemical and electronic
industrial pipeline networks, air-
conditioning pipelines, agriculture and
garden production, and solar-energy
facility piping.

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As per fluid directions
there are:
45º elbow

• 45 degree LR steel elbow

This kind of elbow is installed between two pipes so that the direction could
be changed at an angle of 45 degrees. Since it creates lower frictional
resistance, pressure also be lower.
• 45 degree SR elbow
This kind of elbow is usually attached to copper, plastic, steel, cast iron, and
lead. It could also be attached to clamps of stainless steel and rubber. As a
result, it’s widely used in chemical, food, facilities of water supply, electronic
industrial and chemical pipelines, gardening and agriculture production,
piping for solar power facilities, and pipelines for air conditioning. 8
As per fluid directions
there are:
90º elbow

• also known as a "90 bend", "90

ell" or "quarter bend", attaches
readily to plastic, copper, cast
iron, steel, and lead, and is
attached to rubber with stainless-
steel clamps. It is primarily used
to connect hoses to valves, water
pumps and deck drains.
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 As per fluid directions
there are:
90º elbow
• 90 degree steel pipe elbow is to change fluid direction by 90 degree, also
called the vertical elbow, it is the most used type in all the pipeline systems,
since it is easy to compatible with the steel construction and structural.
• 90 degree elbow of long radius
This kind of 90 degree steel pipe elbow is installed between different lengths
of pipe or tubing.
It helps to change the direction at an angle of 90 degrees. It’s often used for
connection of hoses to water pumps, deck drains, and valves.
• 90 degree elbow of short radius
The main use is just like the previously stated pipe, but the diameter is short.
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So this kind of piping elbow is often used when shortage of space.
As per fluid directions
there are:
180 degree

This kind of elbow helps to

change the direction at an angle
of 180 degrees. Since it usually
results in low pressure, its
applications is limited to
minimum deposition and low
turbulence systems.

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As per elbow length
and radius there :
SR (Short Radius) Elbows:
These elbows have a Center-to-Face dimension of 1.0 X diameter. They
are typically used in tight areas where clearance is the main issue.
LR (Long Radius) Elbows:
• These elbows have a Center-to-Face dimension of 1.5 X diameter.
They are the most common type of elbow and used when space is
available and flow is more critical.

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As per connections
types there are :
Butt weld elbow – Most common connection type
The easiest way to connect the elbow and pipe is to do welding directly to
the elbow ends with pipe ends, where we called butt to butt weld (BW
Elbow, as showed in above picture). Butt weld elbow mainly used in a
higher pressure and temperature than the other connection types of elbow.
(Than socket weld elbow or the threaded piping elbow)

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As per connections
types there are :
Socket weld elbow – For small diameter pipelines
• Socket weld elbow also connected with ends welding, different with BW
elbow is: Socket weld elbow ends has a ladder shaped area, which we
can insert the pipe ends to this area (SW elbow ladder diameter fit with
pipe outer diameter), after inserting do the welding work to joint them
together.

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As per connections
types there are :
Threaded Elbow – Easy to install
• Similar shape with SW elbow, different is ladder area inner surface has
been machined to threads, it makes more easy to install and uninstall.
Which is good for the pipeline repair and maintenance.

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ELBOW PIPE AS A HEAD FLOWMETER
• Elbow is converted into a flow meter by
attaching pressure connections from the
inside and outside curves of the elbow to a
differential gage.
• The difference between the pressures at
the inside and outside curves of the elbow,
caused by the dynamic action of the flowing
water, can be measured by means of the
differential gage.

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ELBOW PIPE AS A HEAD FLOWMETER
• Elbow pipe flowmeter operates on the principle that when a fluid
moves around a curved path, the acceleration of the fluid creates
centrifugal force
• In operation, the centrifugal force results in a higher pressure on the
outside of the elbow than on the inside.
• A pipe elbow can be used as a primary device. Elbow taps have an
advantage in that most piping systems have elbows that can be used.
• Elbow meter does not introduce any additional losses in the system,
since it simply replaces an existing elbow or pipe bending that is being
used to change the direction of flow

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ELBOW PIPE AS A HEAD FLOWMETER

Z0

Z1

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ELBOW PIPE AS A HEAD FLOWMETER
• Tappings at 22.5° have shown to provide more stable and reliable
readings and are less affected by upstream piping.
• However 45° tapings are more suited to bi-directional flow
measurement.

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ELBOW PIPE AS A HEAD FLOWMETER
Velocity, pressure and elevation above the datum level for pressure taps
on the inside and outside surfaces of a 90° elbow can be related like by
expression:
𝑣2 𝑃𝑜 𝑃𝑖
𝐶𝑘 = + 𝑍𝑜 − − 𝑍𝑖 … … … . .
2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔
𝑍𝑖 and 𝑍𝑜 are the lowest and highest points of tapping respectively.

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ELBOW PIPE AS A HEAD FLOWMETER
Where 𝐶𝑘 is a coefficient that depends upon the size and shape of the
elbow. Normal value of 𝐶𝑘 range from 1.3 to 3.2
Units
P N/𝑚2
Ρ kg/𝑚3
g m/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑃
= 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜌𝑔

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ELBOW PIPE AS A HEAD FLOWMETER

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ELBOW PIPE AS A HEAD FLOWMETER
The volume flow rate is expressed as:
𝐴 𝑃𝑜 𝑃𝑖
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣 = 2𝑔 + 𝑍𝑜 − − 𝑍𝑖
𝐶𝑘 𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔
𝑃𝑜 𝑃𝑖
𝑄 = 𝐶. 𝐴 2𝑔 + 𝑍𝑜 − − 𝑍𝑖
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔
The value C ranges from 0.56 to 0.88
A is the cross sectional area of the pipe

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ELBOW PIPE AS A HEAD FLOWMETER
Pressure measurements are obtained by placing taps at 45- degree
angles on opposite sides of the elbow. The size of each of the two taps
should not exceed one-eighth of the pipe diameter. Flow is calculated
according to the following formula:
W = 244 rhD3p
where W = flow in pounds per hour
r = elbow radius (inches)
D = elbow diameter (inches)
h = differential pressure (inches H20)
p = density in lbs/ft3
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ELBOW PIPE AS A HEAD FLOWMETER

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ELBOW PIPE AS A HEAD FLOWMETER
Elbow pipe flow meter requires minimum of 20 to 30 pipe diameters of
unobstructed upstream flow (to reduce turbulence and swirl ) for accurate
measurement, otherwise the flow straighteners are to be installed to
stabilize the flow as it is used in orifice meter.

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COMPARISON
Advantages
 Simplified installation
 Inexpensive
 low pressure loss
 Saving of extra pumping cost
 No additional resistance to flow
due to the elbow being converted
into a meter.
Disadvantages
 should be considered for flow
measurement only as a last resort.
 Their inaccuracies tend to be
extreme, owing to the non-precise
construction of most pipe elbows
and the relatively weak differential
pressures generated
 Each meter must be calibrated on
site
 Not suitable for the small bending
of pipe installation 27
SYMBOL FOR ELBOW
PIPES
Flanged Screwed Bell and Welded Soldered
Spigot

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SYMBOL FOR ELBOW
PIPES
Flanged Screwed Bell and Welded Soldered
Spigot

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SAMPLE

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THANK
YOU!