Group Members

Zeeshan Ahmad
Naveed Hussain Shah
Saran Zeb
Abdul Manan
Danish Shehzad
GROUP HOMOMORPHISM
 CONTENTS
 FUNCTIONS
 MORPHISM
 HOMOMORRPHISM
 GROUP HOMOMORPHISM
 EXAMPLES OF GROUP HOMOMORPHISM
 TYPES OF GROUP HOMOMORPHISM
 KERNEL AND IMAGE OF GROUP HOMOMORPHISM
 FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF GROUP HOMOMORPHISM
 APPLICATIONS OF GROUP HOMOMORPHISM
 Group Homomorphism
Function
A function relates an input to an output.

A function from a set D to a set R is a

rule that assigns a unique element f(x)
in R to each element x in D.
 Group Homomorphism

Types of Function

 Surjective (onto Function)

 Injective ( one-to-one function)
 Bijective ( onto and one-to-one function)
 Group Homomorphism
Injective Function

Injective means that every member of

"A" has its own unique matching
member in "B".

Example
f(x)= x3 is Injective Function.
 Group Homomorphism
Surjective Function

Surjective means that every "B"

has at least one matching in "A"
(maybe more than one).

Example

f : R to [-1,1] defined by f(x)= Sin x is and Onto function.

 Group Homomorphism

Bijective Function

If a function f is both One to One and Onto,

then f is said to be a Bijective Function.

f : [ - /2 , /2 ] to [-1,1] defined by f(x) = sinx

is a Bijective Function.
 Group Homomorphism
Morphism

Morphism refers to a structure preserving

map from one mathematical structure to
another.

In set theory, morphisms are functions.

In linear Algebra it is Linear Transformation.
In Group Theory it is Group Homomorpism.
In Ring Theory it is Ring Homomorphism.
In Topology it is a continuous Function.
 Group Homomorphism
Homomorphism

By “Homo” we mean similar and by

“Morphism” we mean structure.

In algebra, a homomorphism is a structure-preserving map between

two algebraic structures of the same type (such as two groups, two rings,
or two vector spaces).
 Group Homomorphism

Group Homomorphism

.
Let (G, ) and (H, ∗) are two groups and

f : (G, .) → (H, ∗) be a mapping. Then f is said to b Group

Homomorphism if

f(a . b) = f(a) ∗ f(b)

Example 1
There is a homomorphism between the group of permutations of three elements and
the number -1 and +1.

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
⇨ -1 ⇨ +1
𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
⇨ -1 ⇨ +1
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
⇨ -1 ⇨ +1
𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
Example 2

Let G ={1,-1,i, -i } which forms a group under multiplication.

I = the group of all integers under addition.
Prove that the mapping f from I to G such that f(x)=in ∀ n ∊ I is a
homomorphism.
Solution.
Since f(x)=in f(m)=in ∀ m,n ∊ I
f(m+n)= i m+n = im . in = f(m) . f(n)
Hence f is a homomorphism.
 Group Homomorphism
Example 3
Consider the mapping
f: (R,+) →(𝑅 + ,∗) such that
f(x)=𝑒 𝑥 ∀ x∊R.
Show that f is Homomorphism.
Solution:
Let x, y ∊ R, Then
f(x)=𝑒 𝑥
f(y)=𝑒 𝑦
⇒ f(x + y)= 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦
f(x + y)=𝑒 𝑥 ∗ 𝑒 𝑦
f(x + y)= f(x) * f(y)
 Properties of Group homomorphism

Let ∅ be a homomorphism from a group G TO 𝑮. ഥ Let g be an element of G

and H is subgroup of G then
ഥ
1. ∅ carries the identity of G to the identity of 𝐺.
2. ∅g-1= (∅g)-1
3. H∅ = { h∅ | h ∊ H} is a subgroup of 𝐺.ҧ
4. If H is cyclic , then H∅ is cyclic.
5. If H is abelian , then H∅ is abelian.
6. If H is normal in G , then H ∅ is normal in G ∅.
.
 Group Homomorphism

Types of Homomorphism

 Monomorphism
 Epimorphism
 Isomprphism
 Endomorphism
 Automorphism
 Group Homomorphism
Monomorphism
A Monomorphism is an injective (one-to-one) Homomorphism.

Monomorphism is also called as monic Morphism or a mono.

Example

.
If the mapping f : (R , +) → ( R – {0} , ) such that f(x) = 2x . Then f
is Monomorphism.
 Group Homomorphism
Epimorphism
A group homomorphism that is surjective (or,
onto) reaches every point in the co domain.

Example (G , .) f (H , ∗)

Consider the mapping

f: (G , .) →(H , ∗) a
1
Where G={a, b, c, d} b
2
And H= { 1, 2, 3} c
3
d
 Group Homomorphism
Isomorphism
A group homomorphism that is bijective
i.e. injective and surjective.

Example

.
Let f: (R, +) to ( R+ , ) such that f(x)=ex for all x є R
Then f is an isomorphism.
 Group Homomorphism
Endomorphism

The homomorphism h; G→G having the same Domain and Co-domain is known as
endomorphism of G.
An endomorphism is a homomorphism of a group to itself.
Example. (G , .) (G , ∗)

Consider the mapping f: (G , .) to a a

(G , ∗) such that b b
c c
d d
 Group Homomorphism
Automorphism

Let f: (G , .) to (G , ∗ ) such that

f(a . b) = f(a) ∗ f(b)
If f is one-one mapping then it is called as auto Morphism.

Example

An automorphism group of (Z, +) contains only two elements,

the identity transformation and multiplication with -1.
 Group Homomorphism
Kernel of Homomorphism
Definition
let (G , o) and (H , ∗)be groups. Let φ:(G , o) → (H , ∗)
be a group homomorphism.
Then the kernel of φ is the subset of the domain of φ defined as
Ker(φ)={ x є G : φ(x)= He }
Where He is the identity of H.

We can also say that Ker(φ) is the subset of G that maps to the identity
of H.

We can also say that the kernel of homomorphism measure the degree
to which the homomorphism fails to injective.
 Group Homomorphism
Example
(G , .) (G` , ∗)

Consider the mapping e

f: (G , .) to (G` , ∗) a
such that e`
b a`
c b`
d c`
f d`
g

Then Ker(f) = {e,a,b,c,d}

 Group Homomorphism
Image of Homomorphism

let (G , o) and (H , *) be groups. Let φ:(G , o) → (H , *) be a

group homomorphism.
Then the image of the homomorphism is
Img (φ)={φ(x) : xєG }
 Group Homomorphism

Example
 Group Homomorphism

Fundamental Theorems Of Homomorphism

In abstract algebra, the fundamental theorem on homomorphism, also

known as the fundamental homomorphism theorem, relates the
structure of two objects between which a homomorphism is given, and
of the kernel and image of the homomorphism. The homomorphism
theorem is used to prove the isomorphism theorems.
 Group Homomorphism
First Theorem of Isomorphism
Statement

Let ϕ:G→G′ be a group homomorphism.

Let E be the subset of G that is mapped to the
identity of G′. E is called the kernel of the map ϕ.
Then

E◃G and G/E ≅ imϕ

 Group Homomorphism
Second Theorem of Isomorphism

Statement

Let G be a group. Let H◃G. If A is any subgroup of G, then H∩A

is normal and

A/(H∩A)≅HA/H
 Group Homomorphism
Third Isomorphism Theorem
Statement

If H◃G and H◃A◃G then

A/H◃G/H
and
G/H \ A/H≅G/A.

Conversely,

Every normal subgroup of G/H is of the form A/H for

some H◃A◃G.
 Group Homomorphism
Theorems

 Homomorphic image of abelian group is abelian.

 Homomorphic image of cyclic group is cyclic.
 Kernel of homomorphism is always normal subgroup of the group.
 The relation of isomorphism between group is an equivalence
relation.
 Any two cyclic groups of the same order are Isomorphic.