C PROGRAMMING

GANESAN CHANDRASEKARAN #51450717

11/16/2019

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TEST

Use
include the
use one header file preprocessor
How to restrict the header files to be included only once header file
1 Use only onec to include all other derivatives
in the program ? using double
header files. conditioning to
quotes
include

which function(s) requires return key conformation getch() and

2 All of them getche() No of them
getc(), getch(), getche() ? getc()

Limited
What is kind of memory damage is happening due to
3 Memory leak Truncation Fragmentation memory
malloc()
allocation

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HISTORY OF C PROGRAMMING
• Invented and Implemented by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 at AT&T Bell
Laboratory on DEC PDP-11 under UNIX platform from BCPL.
• ANSI – 1989 to 1990 [C89]
• ANSI/ISO
• Amendment 1 in 1995 to C, becomes base document for Standard C++
and defines the C subset of C++
• A Middle Level Language - MLL (since it combines the control of LLL Dennis M Ritchie
language and flexibility of HLL)
• A portable Language

DEC PDP-11

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BRIEF OF C
• It supports basic data types [integer, character, floating point]

• It contains build-in data types [double, enumerator, structure, union]

• It is not strongly typed language. It allows almost all type casting.

• No run time check. It is up to the programmer.

• It allows direct manipulations of bits, bytes and word and memory (pointer) and it makes it to do
system-level Programming.

• It contains very less number of Keywords [32+5]

• Case sensitive language

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ADVANTAGE OF C
• It is structured Language not block-structured
• It allows several looping methods and almost avoids goto statement.
• Modular programming ability – Sub-routines
• Code-Block – placing code inside a block.
• Complier , not an Interpreter

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C KEYWORDS
auto double int struct
break else long switch
case enum register typedef
char extern return union
const float short unsigned
continue for signed void
default goto sizeof volatile
do if static while

_Bool _Imaginary restrict

_Complex inline

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GENERAL FORM OF C PROGRAMMING
Pre
processor
derivative

Structure &
Union
Declarations

Global Variable
declarations

Sub-Function Declarations

Main function •Local variable declarations

Sub-Function definitions

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PRE-PROCESSOR DERIVATIVES
• Starts with ‘#’ symbol
• Not required ‘;’ at the end of the statement
• One line statement can be extended by ‘\’
• Used to execute certain codes before compiling.
• Can be used to decide the environment of complier

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SOME DERIVATIVES
• #include -> includes any file to the source code
• #ifdef & #ifndef
• #if - #else -#endif
• #define
• #pragma
auto_inline, comment, once, etc
for more: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/d9x1s805.aspx

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I/O STATEMENTS
Formatted an un-formatted Statements
Un-Formatted:

• getch(), getche(), getchar()

• putch(), putchar()
Formatted:

• scanf(), printf(), sscanf(), sprintf()

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VARIABLES
What is variable?

• Representation of data in memory

Types of Variables

• Standard, Build-in
Standard: integer, character, floating point
Build-in: double, pointers, structure, union
Declaration
<storage class> <type modifier> <data type> [variable name];

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STORAGE CLASS AND SCOPE
Defines the life time of the variable:

1. auto
2. static
3. register
4. extern
Files are Global scope

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TYPE MODIFIER
Modifies the basic character of the data type
Sign modifiers

• signed
• unsigned
length modifiers

• long
• short

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ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC
Constants, Expressions
Arithmetic, Relational & Logic Operators
+, -, *, /, %
<, >, <=, >=, !, !=
|, &, !, ||, &&, ^, ~, <<, >>
Increment & decrement
++, --
Post and Pre increment & decrement

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CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
• If
• If-else
• If-else if
• Nested if
• Switch-case
• What is mean by if(1) and if (0)?

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