Electronic Measurements And Instrumentation

Topic
Anemometer
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GROUP MEMBERS

SYED KUMAIL HAIDER (CIIT/FA16-BEE-060/ATK)

RIASAT ULLAH (CIIT/FA16-BEE-072/ATK)
SHAHZAIB (CIIT/FA16-BEE-07 /ATK)
 CONTENTS

 Definition
 Basic Principle
 Basic Types Of Anemometer
 Velocity Measuring Anemometers
 Pressure Measuring Anemometers
 ANEMOMETER

 Anemometer is also known as wind

meter.
 Used for measuring wind speed.
 It was invented by Leon Battista Alberti
in 1450.
 His design was supposed to make it
easier to measure wind force.
 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ANEMOMETER

 When the Air strikes, wings of an

anemometer starts rotating .
 As the coil of the generator is
attached to the wings. This rotation of
wings causes a coil of generator to
rotate. Due to this rotation of coil an
emf is induced , which produces
induced current which starts flowing
through the speedometer and it
indicates the speed of wind.
 CLASSIFICATION OF ANEMOMETER

Anemometer can be divided into two types;

 Velocity Anemometer
To measure wind speed.

 Pressure Anemometer
To measure wind pressure.
 CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF
WIND SPEED

The anemometer on the basis of wind speed can be

classified as:
 Cup anemometer
 Laser doppler anemometer
 Hot wire anemometer
 Ultrasonic anemometer
 CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF
WIND PRESSURE

The anemometer on the basis of wind speed can be

classified as:
 Plate anemometer
 Tube anemometer
 Effect of density on measurement
CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF
WIND SPEED
 CUP ANEMOMETER
 A simple type of anemometer was invented in 1845 by
Dr. John Thomas Romney Robinson.
 The cups are placed onto a vertical axis, and when the
wind presses against them, this causes the cups to rotate
around.
 Faster the cups rotate, faster the wind speed.
 Used for research and commercial activities.
FOUR CUP ANEMOMETER
 WORKING

• On counting the turns of the shaft over a set time period

produced the average wind speed for a wide range of
speeds.
• Consequently, this produces an unbalanced moment with
respect to the center axis and forces the cups to rotate.
• The rotational speed of the anemometer is directly related
to the wind speed, that is:

v=f(w).
 CONT….
• frictional torque is negligible.
• The relationship between the v ( wind speed) and ω (rotational
speed) is directly proportional to each other so their graph is
linear having straight line .

v
 Advantages Disadvantages

 Low Price  Moving parts wear out

 Flexible Design  Without provisions for heating,
 Simple Installation they don’t work well in snow or
freezing rain
 They don’t work well in rapidly
fluctuating winds
 LASER DOPPLER ANEMOMETER

• The Laser Doppler Anemometer is a very high-tech anemometer, so it is

usually more accurate.
• Laser Doppler anemometers use a beam of light from a laser that is
divided into two beams, with one propagated out of the anemometer.
The air particles caught in the beam are reflected back into the
anemometer where it’s measured.
• When the particles are in great motion, they produce a Doppler shift for
measuring wind speed in the laser light, which is used to calculate the
speed of the particles, and therefore the air around the anemometer.
DIAGRAM
 Some pictures showing
usage of

LASER
DOPPLER
ANEMOMETER
 HOT WIRE ANEMOMETER
 Measure both the wind speed and pressure.
 The device is a long rod and at the tip is a hot wire or hot bead. The
anemometer is placed into a location and as wind moves over the hot wire,
the wire is cooled. A direct relationship exists between the rate at which
the wind is flowing and how cool the wire becomes
 Electrically heated up to some temperature above the ambient.
 Air flowing past the wire has a cooling effect on the wire
 As the electrical resistance of most metals is dependent upon the
temperature of the metal (tungsten is a popular choice for hot-
wires), a relationship can be obtained between the resistance of the
wire and the flow speed.
DIAGRAM
 SPECIFICATIONS
• Tungsten or Platinum filament
 ~1 mm long
 4-10 mm diameter

• Benefits
 Good spatial resolution
 High frequency response

• Limitations
 Fragile
 Requires clean flow
 Cost (start at $300-400)
 WORKING

 Based on a heated element from which heat is extracted

by the colder impact airflow.
 Temperature is kept constant via a regulating switch, and
the current (amp draw measured internally) is directly
proportional to the air velocity.
 FLOW DIAGRAM.
The wire is
heated

The air flow

cools the wire

The wire
resistance
changes

By measuring the output

voltage the anemometer
gives the value of flow
speed
CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF
WIND PRESSURE
 PLATE ANEMOMETERS
• Modern anemometers
• Are simply a flat plate suspended from the top so that
the wind deflects the plate
• The pressure of the wind on its face is balanced by a
spring
• The compression of the spring determines the actual
force which the wind is exerting on the plate
• This is either read off on a suitable gauge, or on a
recorder
ADVANTAGES OF ANEMOMETER

• Anemometers are used for measurement of wind speed.

• Anemometer is a common weather station instrument.
• It basically indicates the velocity of wind so it can be used
as an indicator of natural calamities.
 DISADVANTAGES

• They don’t work without producing heat.

• They don’t work well in rapidly fluctuating winds.

 APPLICATIONS

 Anemometer for wind resource assessment instrumentation

 Research measurements in environmental studies
 Control anemometer for new or existing wind turbines
 Sensing wind speeds at sporting events (i.e. Olympics)
 Engineering studies on wind effects on bridges, skyscrapers