ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 1+2

PREPARED BY: ENGR. FAREENA FATIMA

INTRODUCTION:
 SOURCES OF WATER:
1. Surface water (i.e. rivers, streams, lakes, natural
ponds etc.)
2. Sub- surface water or ground water (i.e. springs, wells
etc.)
There are two types of impurities in water supply i.e.
‘suspended and dissolved’. The surface waters have
suspended impurities. The suspended matter contains
the pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, surface waters are
not considered safe for water supply without the
necessary treatment.
11/16/2019 2
 The sub-surface or ground water sources are those
which supply water from below the earth’s surface.
The sub-surface sources are the important sources of
water supply. The water of ground water sources does
not require any treatment.

11/16/2019 3
Physical Examination of Water:
 Turbidity Test
 Taste and odor test (due to dissolved gases, minerals
and micro-organisms either dead or alive)
 Color Test

11/16/2019 4
Chemical Examination of Water
 Total Solids Determination
 pH Value test
 Hardness Test
 Chlorides Determination

11/16/2019 5
Biological Test:
 E-Coli( Escherichia coli ) Test
 Now-a-days, a new technique known as (M.F.T)
membrane filter technique is used for finding E-Coli.

11/16/2019 6
Water Treatment
 The degree of treatment depends upon the impurities
present in water and the standards of water required
for public use.
 TREATMENT PROCESSES:
1. SCREENING
2. PLAIN SEDIMENTATION
3. SEDIMENTATION WITH COAGULATION
4. FILTRATION
5. DISINFECTION

11/16/2019 7
TREATMENT PROCESSES:
1. SCREENING:
Process of removing large sized particles such as leaves,
bushes, branches, debris etc. with the help of a screen
provided in front of the intake works.
In the process of screening the screens are kept inclined
at the angle of 45° to 60° to the horizontal.

11/16/2019 8
TREATMENT PROCESSESS:
2. PLAIN SEDIMENTATION
Process of retaining water in a basin so that the
suspended particles settle down as a result of the
action of gravity and forces.
The process of plain sedimentation may remove 60%
suspended matter and 75 % bacteria.

11/16/2019 9
TREATMENT PROCESSES:
 Following are the important factors to be considered
in designing a sedimentation tank.

DETENTION PERIOD (6 to 8 hours)

DEPTH OF TANK (3 to 6 METERS)
VELOCITY OF FLOW (SHOULD NOT EXCEED 5 mm/sec)
SLUDGE CAPACITY

11/16/2019 10
TREATMENT PROCESSES:
3. SEDIMENTATION WITH COAGULATION:
The process of adding certain chemicals (known as
coagulants) to water in order to form flocculent
precipitate for absorbing and entraining colloidal
matter is called sedimentation with coagulants.
The most common coagulants used for purification of
water are alum or aluminum sulphate, lime or
ferrous sulphate , magnesium carbonate etc.

11/16/2019 11
TREATMENT PROCESSES:
4. FILTRATION:
The process of purifying water by passing it through
a bed of sand or other fine granular material, is
called filtration. The filters are used for this purpose.
 The filters may be slow sand filters, rapid sand filters
and pressure filters.

11/16/2019 12
TREATMENT PROCESSES:
5. DISINFECTION:
The process of killing pathogenic bacteria from water
and making it safe to the public use, is called
disinfection. The most commonly used disinfectant
for drinking water throughout the world is ‘chlorine’.
The process of applying chlorine or chlorine
compounds in small quantity to water to disinfect it,
is known as chlorination.
The time of contact for chlorination should
be at least 20 minutes.

11/16/2019 13
TERMS RELATED TO CHLORINATION:
SUPER CHLORINATION:
( high dose 2-3 ppm)

DE-CHLORINATION:
Chemicals used for removal of un-wanted chlorine:
 SULFUR DIOXIDE
 SODIUM THIOSULPHATE
 POTASSIUM PERMANGATE
11/16/2019 14
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
1. DEAD END SYSTEM: It is also known as tree
system. There is only one main supply pipe. A
number of sub-main pipes are taken out from it.
Each sub-main is divided into many branch pipes
called laterals. From laterals, the service connections
are given to the consumers.
2. GRID IRON SYSTEM:
This system is an improvement over the dead end
system. In this system, the mains, sub-mains and
branches are interconnected with each other.

11/16/2019 15
METHODS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM:
 GRAVITY FLOW METHOD:
This method is used to distribute water from higher level to
the consumers at a lower level. In this method, no pumping
is involved.
 PUMPING METHOD:
Treated water is not stored but it is pumped directly into
the water mains. High power pumps are required.
 COMBINED GRAVITY AND PUMPING METHOD:
Pump is connected to elevated reservoirs. The water is
pumped to the reservoir for storage and then it is supplied
to the consumers by gravity flow.

11/16/2019 16
SANITARY ENGINEERING:
 It deals with the removal and disposal of sewage to
maintain healthy living conditions. The main
objectives of the sewage disposal are as follows:
1. To dispose off properly the human excreta to a safe
place before it creates unhealthy conditions in the
locality.
2. To dispose off the sewage after giving it treatment so
that the receiving land may not get polluted.
3. To supply sewage after treatment for irrigation
purposes.
11/16/2019 17
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS:
 COMBINED SYSTEM
 SEPARATE SYSEM
 PARTIALLY COMBINED SYSTEM

11/16/2019 18
CLASSIFICATION OF SEWAGE
TREATMENT:
 PRIMARY TREATMENT
(GRIT CHAMBER, PLAIN SEDIMENTATION,
SEDIMENTATION FOLLOWED BY COAGULATION)
 SECONDARY TREATMENT
(ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS UNITS, LOW RATE
TRICKLING FILTERS OR HIGH RATE TRICKLING
FILTERS)

11/16/2019 19