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CHEMISTRY I
UNITS AND DIMENSIONS
• Mass and Weight • Pressure and Temperature
• Specific Volume and Density • Flowrates
• Conservation of Mass
• Specific Weight • Conservation of Energy
UNITS AND DIMENSIONS
Dimensions – is the name given to a physical quantity. (ex. mass,
temperature, time and length)
= 9.8066 N = 32.174
FORCE
A unit of force is one that produces unit acceleration in a body of unit mass.
=
= (1 lbm) (f)
MASS and WEIGHT
The mass of a body is the absolute quantity of matter in it.
The weight of a body means the force of gravity Fg on the body.
P = P0 + Pg
PRESSURE
Given the barometric pressure of 14.7 psia, make these conversions:
a. 80 psig to psia and to atmosphere
b. 20 inHg vacuum to inHg abs and to psia
c. 10 psia to psi vacuum and to Pa
d. 15 inHg gage to psia, torrs and to Pa.
PRESSURE
A dead weight gage with a 1 cm diameter piston is used to measure
pressures accurately. In a particular instance a mass of 6.14 kg (including
piston and pan) brings it into balance. If the local g = 9.82 m/. What is the
gage pressure being measured? If the barometric pressure is 748 torr, what
is the absolute pressure?
TEMPERATURE
• Absolute temperature is the
temperature measured from
absolute zero.
• Absolute zero temperature is the
temperature at which all
molecular motion ceases.
(KE = 3RT/2NA)
TEMPERATURE
Show that the specific heat of a substance in BTU/lb m - ˚F is numerically equal
to cal/g - ˚C.
PROBLEM
An instrument to measure the acceleration of gravity on mars is constructed
of a spring from which a mass of 0.40 kg is suspended at a place on earth
where the local acceleration of gravity is 9.81 m/, the spring extends 1.08 cm.
When the instrument package is landed on Mars, it radios the information
that the spring is extended 0.40 cm. What is the Martian acceleration of
gravity?
PROBLEM
PROBLEM
PROBLEM
CONSERVATION OF MASS
The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass is indestructible.
If steady flow exists in a channel and the principle of conservation of
mass is applied to the system, there exists a continuity of flow, defined
as: "The mean velocities at all cross sections having equal areas are
then equal, and if the areas are not equal, the velocities are inversely
proportional to the areas of the respective cross sections.“ This is
expressed in the Continuity Equation:
where F is the component of force acting along the line of the displacement
dl.
CONSERVATION ENERGY
CONSERVATION OF KINETIC CONSERVATION OF POTENTIAL ENERGY
ENERGY
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
An automobile having a mass of 1250 kg is travelling at 40 meter per square
seconds. What is the kinetic energy in kJ? How much work must be done to
bring it to a stop?
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Calculate the net work for one cycle consisting of the isothermal expansion
(A B) and compression (B A) of one mole of ideal gas at 273.15 K
between 1 atm and 0.5 atm. The expansion involves lifting a 5 kg through 22
m. The compression is accomplished by a mass of 40 kg falling through 22 m.
Friction may be neglected.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
The figure shows a chamber containing 0.04 of a gas. The initial pressure
which is supplied by weights on the piston is 200 kPa, keeping this pressure
constant, the chamber is heated until the volume of the gas is 0.10 .
Considering the gas in the chamber as a system; (a) calculate the work done
by the system. While heating is going on, weights are removed from the
piston in such a way that the relation between pressure and volume is given
by the expression:(b) PV = k; (c) P = k. Calculate the work done in both cases
if the initial conditions are the same and the initial and final volume are 0.04
and 0.1 respectively. (d) Let the piston be fixed so that the volume remains
constant. For the same initial conditions, calculate the work done if the heat
is removed from the system and the pressure drops to 100 kPa.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
During a process the volume of a unit weight system change from 5 to 3 .
Calculate the work done for this process if where P is the pressure in psia
and V is the volume in .
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
THE IDEAL GAS
IDEAL GAS EOS
Equations of state are mathematical equations relating P, V, T, and n for
a sample of substance.
- specifying the values for any three automatically determines the
fourth.
Ideal Gas Equation of State works best at high temperatures and low
pressures.
Note that V is the total volume of the gas and n is the total moles of gas. P A, PB,
and PC are called the partial pressures of A,B, and C, respectively.
MOLE FRACTION (x)
The mole fraction xi of component i in a mixture is defined by:
PARTIAL PRESSURES
From Dalton’s Law,
In other words, the partial pressure of any given gas in a gas mixture is just
the mole fraction of that gas times the total pressure of the mixture:
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
PARTIAL MOLAR VOLUME
The partial volume Vi of any gas i in a mixture of gases is defined as the
volume that would be occupied by that gas if it were at the total pressure P of
the mixture
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
CHAPTER 4: KINETIC
MOLECULAR THEORY
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
KMT: POSTULATES
KMT: POSTULATES
AVERAGE KE OF A MOLECULE
PRESSURE: DEFINED
TEMPERATURE: DEFINED
DIFFUSION AND EFFUSION
AVERAGE KE OF A MOLECULE
MOLECULAR SPEED
AVERAGE KE OF A MOLECULE
EOS: VIRIAL EQUATIONS
EOS: VIRIAL EQUATIONS
EOS: VIRIAL EQUATIONS
EOS: VIRIAL EQUATIONS
EOS: VIRIAL EQUATIONS
FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
TERMS
ENERGY BALANCE FOR AN OPEN SYSTEM
ENERGY BALANCE FOR A CLOSED SYSTEM
STEAM TABLE
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Joule’s Experiment – a known amount of water, oil, mercury
Intensive properties are those that Extensive properties are those whose
are independent of the mass of a values depend on the size—or extent
system, such as temperature, —of the system. (i.e. mass, volume
pressure, and density. and momentum)
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
• Path Functions are properties
that depend on how the
change occurs. Distance
travelled is a path function.
• State functions are properties
that depend only on the
conditions that describe the
system. Energy is a state
function
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Zeroth Law by Ralph Howard
Fowler states that when to bodies,
isolated from other environment,
are in thermal equilibrium with a
third body, the two are in
equilibrium with each other.
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
First Law of Thermodynamics by Rudolf
Julius Emmanuel Clausius states that:
“energy can neither be created nor
destroyed but can only be changed from
one form to another.”
These equations apply to the ideal-gas state for various process calculations. The
assumptions implicit in their derivation are that the system is closed and the process
is mechanically reversible.
EOS: IDEAL GAS LAW
PROPERTY RELATIONS FOR IDEAL GAS
EOS: IDEAL GAS LAW
PROPERTY RELATIONS FOR IDEAL GAS
EOS: IDEAL GAS LAW
PROPERTY RELATIONS FOR IDEAL GAS
EOS: IDEAL GAS LAW
PROPERTY RELATIONS FOR IDEAL GAS
EOS: IDEAL GAS LAW
PROPERTY RELATIONS FOR IDEAL GAS
EOS: IDEAL GAS LAW
EOS: IDEAL GAS LAW
EOS: IDEAL GAS LAW
EOS: IDEAL GAS LAW
1st LAW: CLOSED SYSTEM
A closed gaseous system undergoes a reversible process during which 25 BTU are
rejected. The volume changes from 5 to 2 and the pressure is constant at 50 psia.
What is the change in internal energy in BTU?
1st LAW: CLOSED SYSTEM
1st LAW: CLOSED SYSTEM
During the execution of a non – flow process by the system, the work done per
degree temperature increase is and internal energy may be expressed as 20.0 +
0.5T , a function of temperature. Determine the heat if the temperature is in .
Determine the heat if the temperature change from 50 to 100.