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CHEMICAL BONDING,
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Learning Outcomes:
- ***Describe the atomic structure.
- ***Illustrate the chemical bonding and different types of chemical reactions.
DEFINITION
Atoms can be broken down into electrons, protons, and neutrons. Protons and
neutrons can be broken down into quarks.
In any element, all atoms have the same number of protons. Atoms of an
element with different number of neutrons are called isotopes.
Atoms of different elements are different.
Atoms of two or more elements can be combined to form compounds.
The atomic weight of an element reflects the weighted average of all its
isotropic forms.
Atoms of elements in a compound combine in a constant ratio.
EXAMPLE OF AN ATOMIC STRUCTURE
The protons and neutrons exist in a dense core at the center of the atom.
This is called the nucleus.
The electrons are spread out around the edge of the atom. They orbit the
nucleus in layers called shells.
Valence is the last layer of electrons.
COMPOSITION OF AN ATOM
Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons but a different
number of neutrons.
The atomic weight of an element is the weighted average of all isotopes of
the element. Because it is an average, the atomic weight of an element is not
a whole number.
Atomic mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an
atom.
The atomic number = the number of protons.
In a neutral atom, the number of protons is also the total number of
electrons orbiting the nucleus. Thus, it has no charge.
Symbol Atomic Electron Configuration Valence Valence Symbol for Ion
Number Electrons
Na 11 1s22s22p63s1 1 +1 Na+1
Mg 12 1s22s22p63s2 2 +2 Mg+2
F 9 1s22s22p5 7 -1 F-1
S 16 1s22s22p63s23p4 6 -2 S-2
Al 13 1s22s22p63s23p1 3 +3 Al+3
Ne 10 1s22s22p6 8 0 No ion
OCTET RULE:
1. Atoms with less than four valence electrons tend to give up
electrons. The number of electrons given up by an atom is
its positive valence.
2. Atoms with more than four valence electrons tend to
accept electrons to satisfy the octet rule. The number of
electrons taken up or gained by an atom is its negative
valence.
Example : How many neutrons are in an average atom of chlorine?
Solution : Atomic number of chlorine = 17. Thus, the number of protons = 17
Atomic weight = 35.45 (NOTE: round 35.45 to 35)
Atomic mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons
Number of neutrons = 35 – 17 = 18.