Ethics and Morality

an understanding of concepts with

SatyaDas and other Literary
Characters
 The Story
• Raghunath, running a small shop in a small town, is contented
with earning his frugal living.
• He is religious in outlook and compassionate towards others.
• One afternoon, when it is raining, an old man, poor vendor of
herbs named Satyadas comes to his shop.
• He is running high temperature. Raghunath provides him food
and shelter.
• In the morning, the visitor is again provided hospitality.
• He then leaves for another destination leaving behind (may be
inadvertently) a pouch containing six gold coins and a ring studded
with gems.
 The Story (Contd.)
• Raghunath waits for him for several months to return and then
on the persuasion of his wife Jamuna, he sells the contents of the
pouch one by one, sets up a bigger shop and builds a
comfortable house for himself to live in.
• He starts life with dignity in the society. One fine day, suddenly,
Satyadas makes his appearance.
• Raghunath is shocked. He is not as hospitable as before. On the
contrary, he thinks as if a devil has turned up and wishes that he
would leave at the earliest.
 The Story (Contd.)
• As Satyadas is about to leave, conscientious Raghunath asks; "did
you leave behind something here when you visited last time?"
Satyadas says: "I don't know. But God knows everything.“
• The story ends here leaving Raghunath with a deep sense of
guilt and remorse. Where did he go wrong?
The Interpretation of the
Story

The sense of guilt is one interpretation

Another is: Satyadas, Raghunath, and

Jamuna are all three purely imaginary
characters created by the author to portray
the three Conflicting aspects of a single
mind: morality, guilt, and greed.
 The Underlying Theme
We have to believe in many things. All issues in life have
two sides. Every idea has its opposite.

We are supposed to choose. Clear choice is not always

possible.

It is not this 'or‘ that. It is this 'and' that.

Life is based on compromises.

Our knowledge may assure us what is right and what is

wrong, but we can do only what we understand to be good
based on a good compromise.

We call it wisdom. All this is based on beliefs only.

 The Ethical Dilemma for
Raghu
• The story sees the transformation of Raghu from an
honest humble man to a greedy dishonest man

• The main dilemma he faced was:

– The dilemma of being – of being responsible to Satyadas,a
member of the larger society
– The dilemma of being honest – of respecting the property of
Satyadas and guarding it until it was returned
– The dilemma of accepting his mistake when Satyadas
returns
 Ethics cannot provide unambiguous principles.

In it there are only the conflicts, the paradoxes, and the dilemmas.

Solutions lie in individual judgments based on moral clarity and realistic and
situational compromises.

If the individuals have a high sense of awareness, they can see more clearly
what is right and what is wrong and find responsible pragmatic solutions to
their ethical dilemmas.

Why could Raghunath not have the moral courage' to practice transparency
and tell Satyadas: "on your previous visit, you left behind some gold coins
and a ring. I waited for long for you to return. Only then I sold them to
invest in my business and building a house. I want to repay you. Let us work
out a repayment schedule.”

That Raghunath had faced a dilemma and taken a decision of selling

Satyadas’s property was one thing.

Why did he shun his act and avoid Satyadas?

 A second perspective -
Existentialism

• Perspective of concept of freedom

• Raghu was what he made of himself
• He chose to make the property of Satyadas his
• His principles were those that he chose to act
upon
• In context of this, Raghu was within his ethical
boundaries – the boundaries he set for himself
 The Crux
• We have to first understand that a basic need of the
human being is to dream of a society in which justice
and fair play are encouraged and suffering is
minimized.

• That demands moral values.

• There are many levels at which ethics can be

understood.

• Satyadas represented the personal level.

 Some more comparisons
• Mina in Jhumpa Lahiri’s ‘Interpreter of Maladies’
• Anna in Tolstoy’s ‘Anna Karenina’
• Nora in Ibsen’s “A Doll House’

What comparisons we can draw?

• Anna Karenina has been interpreted in terms of ethics of duty

• Nora in terms of ethics of being – Of her duty towards her
husband and her children
• Mina can be interpreted appropriately in terms of ethics of
'living in bad faith;' she is trying to escape her responsibility
 Ethical Choices and
Compromises

It is really difficult to combine integrity and

conflicting responsibilities.

We can grasp the concept and have better

understanding of it by comparing two
famous characters in history and literature.
The 2 characters

Tughlaq Chanakya
• Girish Karnad wrote the play Tughlaq.
• This king had a grand vision for the future. He wanted to make
history.
• He is often described as 'the wisest fool' only because he failed
to achieve anything.
• He tried many projects, all failed.
• This is because he lacked moral courage: no beliefs, no values,
and no ethics.
• His personality was without integrity. He said something and
did something different.
• He lacked legitimacy. He always wore a mask.
• There was total lack of trust between him and his followers.
• On the other hand, there is the famous old play:
Vishakhadatta's Mudrarakshaa.
• In this play, the main character Chanakya too has a grand vision
of the future and he succeeds in making history.
• He used all trickery, deceit, spying, poison girls, and murders.
• Tughlaq used similar means, but he is despised, whereas
Chanakya attracts.
• The situation demanded and Chanakya dirtied his hands. But,
he is even today admired.
• He had certain values including sacrifice of some of his self-
interest for a bigger cause. There was no difference between
what he believed, what he said, and what he did.
• Despite his ruthlessness, people loved him because his
personality was authentic, not false.
• He was a man of character. He used moral courage. In his case,
ethical ends justified the dubious means.
Organizational
Perspective
 Business ethics

Ethical It also helps

In business, Attention to
guidelines are ensure that when
ethics is coming ethics in the
crucial to leaders are
to know what is workplace
businesses struggling in
right and wrong sensitizes leaders
especially during times of crisis,
in the workplace and workers to
times of they retain a
and doing what how they should
fundamental strong moral
is right. act.
change. compass.
 Ethical Dilemmas of Businesses
• Business today has to take a broad view of ethical issues

• This is not in terms of letting certain actions slide as was done in the
past, but in terms of seeing more and more of its choices as ethical
dilemmas with pitfalls for the company as well as for society

• We live today in a litigious society and to a degree in a more

judgmental one, and ethical lapses are closely followed by a public
that is both eager to hear details of every error in judgment and
unwilling to look the other way when it believes an individual or a
company has done something unethical

• Race and sex discrimination in their various forms are clearly ethical
issues for business, issues which impact on society and which are
viewed as fundamental issues of right and wrong

• Society at large no longer takes the attitude that such discrimination is

acceptable.
 Corporate governance
• ‘Corporate Governance’ encompasses commitment to values and to
ethical business conduct to maximize shareholder values on a
sustainable basis, while ensuring fairness to all stakeholders including
customers, employees, and investors, vendors, Government and
society at large.
• Corporate Governance is the system by which companies are directed
and managed.
• It influences how the objectives of the company are set and achieved,
how risk is monitored and assessed and how performance is
optimized.
• Sound Corporate Governance is therefore critical to enhance and
retain investors’ trust.
• Corporate governance is about ethical conduct in business.
• Ethics is concerned with the code of values and principles that
enables a person to choose between right and wrong, and therefore,
select from alternative courses of action.
 Why Corporate Governance

The liberalization and de-regulation world over gave greater freedom in

management. This would imply greater responsibilities.

The players in the field are many. Competition brings in its wake weakness in
standards of reporting and accountability.

Market conditions are increasingly becoming complex in the light of global

developments like WTO, removal of barriers/reduction in duties.

The failure of corporates due to lack of transparency and disclosures and

instances of falsification of accounts/embezzlement and the effect of such
undesirable practices in other companies.
 Essentials Governance Principles
A company should:
• Lay solid foundations for management and oversight
• Structure the board to add value
• Promote ethical and responsible decision-making
• Safeguard integrity in financial reporting
• Make timely and balanced disclosure
• Respect the rights of shareholders and stakeholders
• Recognise and manage risk
• Encourage enhanced performance
• Remunerate fairly and responsibly
• Recognise the legitimate interests of stakeholders
• Corporate Governance Rating be made mandatory for listed companies.
 A case in Mythology – for
organizations to imitate
The most powerful character in Mahabharata is Krishna

In practicing ethics, he represents a unique case

He does not practice self-sacrifice like Bhishma, nor does he show self-
righteous obstinacy of Duryodhana.

He is a strong proponent of ideals and at the same time a good practitioner of

deviations.

He commands highest respect.

His greatest strength lies in the fact that in certain situations he violates
commonly accepted rules of good conduct and he is willing to compromise,
not out of weakness, but because of his high moral courage
 The Resolution
Ethics is basically personal, on the one hand, and situational, on the other

Absolutism in ethics plays a limited role

Of course, if one has no idea of a straight line, it will be difficult for him to
understand, the crooked line or even the difference between more crooked or
less crooked
In practice, relativism is the key to solve ethical dilemmas

Ethical choices are rarely between right and wrong

Oftentimes, they are between right and right; both Pandavas and Kauravas to a
large extent, right
Sometimes, the choice can also be between wrong and wrong

Sometimes the choice is between bad and bad

At the end of the day, choices have to be made