Kinetics of Fermentation

Microbial Growth
 Fermentation may be carried out as batch, continuous and fed batch
processes. Batch culture is an example of a closed culture system which
contains an initial, limited amount of nutrient. Growth of typical microbial
culture in batch condition was illustrated as follow:

Stationary
 Phase

Log of Exponential / Death

cell mass Logarithmic Phase
Growth
Lag Phase Phase

Time (h)
 Microbial Growth Kinetics
 The batch growth models of the fermentation is determined by the
following mass balance :
 Cell mass accumulation = in - out + growth - death

where  and kd is the specific growth rate and specific death rate (hour-1),
 As on chemical reaction rate, growth rate will depend on the
concentration of chemical nutrients. Monod-Type relationship is usually
expressed, is usually expressed as a function of the limiting substrate
concentration (S).

where  max is maximum specific growth rate (h-1),S is concentration of

substrate (g/l) and Ks is Michaelis-Menten constant.
.
 Microbial Growth Kinetics
 If specific death rate 

Integration the equation

Xt = Xo et (exponential growth) or

ln Xt = ln Xo +  t (logarithmic growth)

where, Xo is original cell mass concentration (gram / litre) and Xt

is cell mass concentration after the time interval, t (gram /
litre).
 Substrate Utilisation Kinetics
 Substrate accumulation = - growth - product formation -
maintenance requirement


 Where : Yp/s is the product yield on the utilised substrate (g

product/g substrate) and Yx/s is biomass yield on the utilised
substrate (g cell / g substrate), m is Coefficient of
maintenance .
 Coefficient of maintenance dP/dt and m the equation )
becomes
 Product Formation Kinetics
 • Growth Associated Product Formation
 Products synthesised in growth-associated fashion are
usually direct product of catabolic pathway such as the
anaerobic fermentation of glucose to ethanol . They are
produced as normal intermediary metabolites such as amino
acids or vitamins. The rate of production of primary
metabolites related to growth is given by equation:
 Product Formation Kinetics
 • Growth and Non Growth Associated Product Formation
 In some fermentation such as lactic acid or citric acid production,
growth and product formation are only partly linked or mixed growth
associated product formation. The rate of product formation is given
by:



 Product Formation Kinetics
 • Non Growth Associated Product Formation
Non growth associated products are historically called secondary metabolites
since they are produced secondary to growth. While all non growth
associated may be called secondary metabolites, all secondary metabolites
are not necessary non growth associated. Therefore, it is
important to define secondary metabolites as fermentation products not
necessary for growth the organism. Examples of includes most antibiotics and
microbial toxins.
The rate of production of secondary metabolites related to growth is given
by equation

 where dP/dt is volumetric product formation rate (gram / litre hour), P is

product concentration (gram / litre), is growth associated product
formation (g product / g cell), is non growth associated product
formation (g product / h. g cell).
 POLA PERTUMBUHAN DAN PEMBENTUKAN
PRODUK PADA FERMENTASI BATCH

 a) Pola pembentukan produk yang berasosiasi

dengan pertumbuhan. (b) Pola campuran dan (c)
Pola pembentukan produk yang tidak berasosiasi
dengan pertumbuhan
 DETERMINATION KINETICS PARAMETER

 • A strain of mold was grown in a batch culture on glucose

and the following data were obtained:


Time (h) X (Celll concentration, g/l) S (Glucose concentration, g/l)

0 1.25 100
9 2.45 97
16 5.1 90.4
23 10.5 76.9
30 22 48.1
34 33 20.6
36 37.5 9.38
40 41 0.63
 Calculate :, Xm (if S = 150 g/l andYx/s
 • ln Xt = ln Xo +  t , ln 37.5 = ln 5.1 +  (36-16)

  = 0.1 h -1

 Yx/s = (41-1.25)/(100-0.630)

 Yx/s = 0.4 (g cell / g substrate)

 Xmak = Xo + Yx/s (So)

 Xmak = 1.25 + 0.4 (150) = 60.25 g cell/l

 DETERMINATION KINETICS PARAMETER

 • Ethanol formation from glucose is accomplished in a batch

culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the following data
were obtained:

Time (h) X (Celll , g/l) S (Glucose , g/l) P (Ehanol , g/l)

0 0.5 100 0.0
2 1.0 95 2.5
5 2.1 85 7.5
10 4.8 58 20.0
15 7.7 30 34.0
20 9.6 12 43.0
25 10.4 5 47.5
30 10.7 2 49.0
 DETERMINATION KINETICS PARAMETER

 • Determine μmax, Ks, Yp/s, Yx/s, k1 and k2:

▲t(h) ▲X (g/l) Xavg μ 1/S ▲S ▲P

2 0.5 0.75
3 1.1 1.55
5 2.7 3.45
5 2.9 6.25
5 1.9 8.65
5 0.8 10.00
5 0.3 10.55