NEO-COLONIALISM

Indirect interference of a strong nation to a subordinate nation

politically, economically etc
Preservation of the Philippines a s a raw economy
Manipulation of elections, no candidate that was opposed by
US ever won
Dodd’s Report – Japan as industrial powerhouse and
Philippines as raw material economy
CRISES AFTER THE WAR

political

economic

Military

Socio-
cultural
 CONDITIONS AFTER THE WAR

PROBLEMS SOLUTION

Destruction of War Damages Act - $120M

reconstruction of roads,
infrastructures bridges, buildings; $75 M–
budgetary purposes; $25M-
redemption of guerrilla
currency
US Reconstruction and Finance
Corporation - $60M
Phil. Rehabilitation Act - $620M
payment of war damage but
not over $500 unless there is
an agreement between US
and Philippines regarding the
exploitation of natural
resources.
PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS

Bell Trade Act – free trade between

Poor economy US and Philippines until 1954.
Goods will be taxed by 5% and
increased every year until
reaching 100% tariff in 1974
Parity Rights- equal rights with
Filipinos to dispose exploit,
develop, and utilize all
agricultural timber, resources,
mineral lands of the Philippines.
Laurel-Langley Agreement (1954)-
parity rights in all businesses;
acquisition and utilization of
agricultural lands. Export of raw
materials in US and import of
finished products from US
MILITARY TREATIES

Military Bases • Continued existence of 23 US bases +

• Americans cannot be persecuted under Philipine law for any
Agreement of crime committed against Filipinos-
• Philippines can be a launching grounds of aggression
1947 against Asians

US-RP Military • Ensures US imperialist control over the AFP through the
Assistance Joint US Military Advisory Group (JUSMAG)
• Most of the facilities and equipments of the AFP were
Pact of 1947 granted on a loan basis by the JUSMAG

US-RP Mutual • Allows US to use its troops to interfere in the internal affairs
Defense Pact of the Philippines under the pretext of securing “peace and
mutual security”
of 1951
 C O LLA B O R AT IO N GUERILLA AMNESTY

Pres. Laurel, Jorge Vargas, Pres. Roxas issued an amnesty

Claro Recto, Camilo Osias covered guerillas who killed
were arrested and murdered in the
Osmeña convened Congress to pursuance of the resistance
People’s court to try movement
collaborators
Laurel: “US have no right to
accuse them because its
sovereignty over Philippines
was suspended during the
Japanese occupation
Teofilo Sison was the only one
sentenced as collaborator
 RESPONSE TO NEOCOLONIALISM

• The ruling sector considered

Economic relations with American beneficial
to them; thus accomodating
and Social American interest calmly.

Elites

• Blueprint of reform and

reconstruction only favored the
Filipino elite
• Hukbalahap and other guerilla

masses groups continue to rise

• Parliament of the streets emerged
COMMUNISM

PROBLEM SOLUTION

HUKBALAHAP to Judge Antonio Quirino

Hukbong met with Luis Taruc as
Mapagpalaya ng well as Pres. Quirino
Bayan Taruc was given an
amnesty
They opposed parity
rights and military Taruc reassumed his
bases agreement seat as congressman
with backpay
 Partido ng
PKP-HMB
Bayan

HMB
became Bayan Muna
NPA

CPP-NPA-
NDF

Alex
Boncayao
Brigade
 Hukbalahap Problems
(Taruc-Quirino meeting)
Luis Taruc ask for the following
1. Scrapping of the Bell Trade Act
2. No trade with Japan
3. Redistribution of large estates to the
peasants/tenants
4. Release of all Huk prisoners
5. Industrialization
6. Removal of US bases in the country
 Taruc-Quirino meeting

Proclaimed amnesty to
all Huks and PKP members
Huks: Failed to surrender their arms to
government authorities
Judge Quirino: denied ever agreeing to
implement Taruc’s demands
PROBLEM SOLUTION

Taruc established a Quirino appointed

Soviet-type Ramon Magsaysay
administration as Defense
Secretary
Mrs Aurora Quezon
Through the CIA, the
was ambushed military supplied the
enemies with
defective weapons
 MAGSAYSAY’S POPULISM

“Idolo ng Masa”
Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration
Farmer’s Cooperative Marketing Association
Social Security System (SSS)
Government Service and Insurance System (GSIS)
Agricultural Tenancy Act –choose system of tenancy the farmers wanted
to work
National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA)-
landless farmers to settle in unoccupied public lands
EDCOR (Economic Development Corps – land for the landless HUKs
GARCIA’S AUSTERITY
Filipino First Policy (Pilipino Muna)- imports to locally made products
Foreign Retail trade Nationalization Law – prohibited foreigners from engaging in
retail trade
Bohlen-Serrano Agreement shortened the stay of US military bases from 99-25 years
 MACAPAGAL’S DECONTROL

Agricultural Land
Reform Code
Agricultural Land Reform Code
 Apply all labor laws
 Land settlement program & distribution of land
 Poor farmers becoming independent, self reliant &
responsible citizens
DECONTROL POLICY

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Freed the exchange Peso depreciated to

P3.90=$1
rate of the peso to Allowed foreigners to buy
the dollar more local products and
services at a cheaper cost
Attracted foreign Difficulty for local industries
investors and create to import raw materials
and capital goods as
jobs prices doubled
Allowed imported products to
compete with local goods
 June 12 as Independence Day

Philippine independence proclaimed by

Emilio Aguinaldo. Refusal of US House of
Representatives to approve a $73M war
damage bill

July 4: Philippine-American Friendship Day and

Republic Day
 Diosdado Macapagal
Proposed organization uniting Malay-based
countries through MAPHILINDO
(Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia)

Considered to be precursor of the ASEAN

(Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

Stonehill Affair- Deportation instead of

prosecution
 Ferdinand Marcos
Program of government

1. Self-sufficiency in rice and diversity of crops

to attain self-sufficiency in food
2. implementation of land reform program
3. Community development
Laws aimed to increase the
government floor price of rice and
corn to the farmers
 Ferdinand Marcos
Foreign loans through World Bank and
International Monetary Fund for Infrastructure
program: Roads and bridges

Repatriations Treaty with Japan- $500M for Pan-

Pacific Highway connecting Samar and Leyte

Increase agriculture production

“miracle rice” & modern irrigation
 Manila North Diversion Road
Sayre Highway, Mindanao

Nagtahan bridge
EDSA some undetermined decades
EDSA, circa 1966
ago (from archivist and architect
Paulo Alcazaren's streets of Manila
collection)
Pier 15, Manila South •Irrigations
Harbor •Hydroelectric power
projects
•Airports, ports and
harbors
• more school houses
“CULTURAL RENAISSANCE”
INFRASTRUCTURE

Advantage Disadvantage
•Promotion of •Heavy borrowing
industries from foreign
sources dragged
the peso down
to P7=$1
CAUSE EFFECT

Continuous dominance Students became

of capitalists radical
CPP was formed by
Jose Ma. Sison
Bernabe “Kumander
Dante” Buscayno
formed the NPA
MNLF was formed