Every teacher and learners are user of educational

technology. Educators are aware that technology is

here to stay and be useful tools in enhancing teaching-
learning activities.
 Technology as the use of gadgets, tools, or
equipment to perform a task expediently and
efficiently
 Technology as the collection of tools, including
machinery, modifications, arrangements and
procedures
 Other gadgets as Technology
 The teacher as a Technology
 Educational Technology as the selection ,
development, managing and use of appropriate
technological processes and resources
 Educational Technology as the choice of appropriate
principles in the preparation and utilization of
conventional and non-conventional technology tools
as well as traditional and alternative teaching
strategies
The theory and practice of design includes:
Instructional System Design
Instructional Strategies
Learner’s Characteristics
 Constructivism provides representation of
reality
 Constructivism represents the natural
complexity of the real world
 Constructivism represents authentic tasks
which focus on contextualizing rather than
abstracting
 Constructivism provides real world case-based
learning environments rather than pre-
determined instructional events
 Constructivism fosters reflective practice
 Constructivism promotes context and content
The theory and practice of development of
educational technology includes:
→Print technologies
→Audio technologies
→Still visuals
→Audio-visual technologies
→ICT’s
→Electronic technologies
→Integrated technologies
The theory and practice on utilization on
educational technology includes:

→Media utilization
→Implementation
→Institutionalization
→Policies and Regulation
The theory and practice on management of
educational technology includes:
→Project management
→Resources management
→Management of delivery system
→Diffusion of innovation
The theory and practice of evaluation on
educational technology includes:

→Problem analysis
→Measurement
→Formative Evaluation
→Summative Evaluation
The focus on integration of technology will be on
facilitating and enhancing the teaching-learning
episodes undertaken by both the teachers and the
students . Utilization of tools and techniques to
improve student learning is the main concern of
Educational Technology manifested by the
acquisition of the learning outcome.
Refers to the ability to use with ease and
confidence with the equipment, tools or gadgets
The stone age technology could be shown by the
ignition of fire by rubbing two stones, hand-made
weapon, manufacturing, utensils making using
stones and the use of clothing from animal skin
and fur.
The bronze age period showed the development
of agricultural technology, fishing techniques and
domesticating animals and establishment of
permanent homes instead of going from one place
to another. The people also developed the metal
technology using copper and bronze.
Resorting to iron smelting technology since iron
was cheaper than bronze. The iron age was the
last period prior to the discovery of writing.
Paul Saettler(2004) traced the development of educational
technology during ancient civilization. Tribal priests
introduced bodies of knowledge and ancient culture, and
introduced sign writing or pictographs to record or
transmit information.

The Chinese Civilization, contributed technology like

paper, seismological detectors, toilet paper, matches, iron
plough, suspension bridge, wheelbarrow, parachute,
natural gas as fuel, magnetic compass, elevated relief map
and gun powder.
Ancient Egyptian language which was one of the
longest surviving and used language in the
world. Their script was made up of the pictures of
the real things like birds, animals, different tools,
etc. These pictures are popularly called
hieroglyph. Their language was made up of
above 500 hieroglyphs which are known as
HIEROGLYPHICS.
Johannes Gutenberg, German inventor, invented the
printing press that took place in approximately 1450
AD.

In 1873, educational technology paved its way to be

known as audio-visual education when an
international exhibition held in Vienna showcased the
winning American exhibition of maps, charts,
textbooks, and other equipment. This was followed
by Maria Montessori(1870-1952),developed graded
designated activities to provide for the proper
sequencing of subject matter for each individual
learner
In 1956, Benjamin Bloom introduced the
taxonomy of educational objectives through his
publication, “The Taxonomy of Educational
Objectives, The Classification of Educational
Goals, Handbook 1:Cognitive Domain.”
Associate with the use of aids like charts, maps,
symbols, models, specimens and concrete
materials. Educational technology referred to
audio-visual aids.
The development of educational technology refers
to the introduction of electronic through the
sophisticated hardware and software.
Educational technology revolved around the use
of communication enhancement equipment to
promote mass media for instructional purposes.
Educational technology exemplified
individualized teaching and learning with the
used of programmed learning and programmmed
instruction.