Starting in 5 Seconds

1
0
1
2
3
4
5

2
3
 PRESENTED BY

SM Tanveer Fahim
ID # 14207086

IUBAT- International University of Business Agriculture and Technology

4
 A Study on Automotive Steering and
Suspension System at Auto Xpress Ltd

5
 Contents
 Introduction  Suspension System
 Objectives  Problem Findings and Analysis
 Company Overview  Limitations
 Introduction to Steering System  Recommendations
 Steering Mechanism  Conclusion
 Steering System Parts
 Types of Steering System
 Power Steering Pump
 Tire and Wheel
6
INTRODUCTION

7
8
 Automobile Systems

Automobile Components
Power Unite

Transmission System

Basic Structure Suspension System

Controls Steering System

Auxiliaries

Superstructure 9
10
 Objectives of the Study
Broad Objectives
The board objectives of this study are to know about the automotive steering and suspension
system, their diagnosis and servicing procedure.

11
 Objectives of the Study(cont…)
Specific Objectives
 To study on steering mechanism.
 To study on steering system types.
 To Study on suspension mechanism.
 To study on suspension system types.
 To study on function, diagnosis and replacement procedure steering parts and
linkages.
 To study on function, diagnosis and replacement procedure of suspension
components.
 To study about fundamentals of wheel and tires.
 On the basis of finding problems analyze those problems and their solutions as
well.

12
COMPANY OVERVIEW

13
14
15
Layout of Auto Xpress Ltd.

16
Logo of Auto Xpress Ltd

17
 Company Overview (Cont.…)
Dream
We will work flawlessly keeping seven advantages in consideration which are
sustainability, possibility, reliability, integrity, honesty, knowledge and teamwork
to ensure the service highly appreciated by the customer.

18
 Company Overview (Cont.…)
Mission:
 To make best quality service, advanced solutions for the changing needs
and objectives of our customers.
 To make different with others, increasing friendly relationship with
customers by providing after sales services and keep in touch.
 To provide noise free innovative solution where respected customers
get all kind of support under one roof in favor of all sorts of Vehicle
brands.
 To build strong ground of trust to our potential customers in respect to
different experience in the significant industry.

19
INTRODUCTION TO STEERING SYSTEM

20
 STEERING SYSTEM

Steering system in automobiles is the combination

of steering wheel, steering column, shaft, gear,
linkages and other components used to control the
vehicle motion. The steering system converts the
rotation of the steering wheel into a swiveling
movement of the road wheels.

21
STEERING MECHANISM

22
23
24
 Instantaneous Center of Rotation

For a pure rotation of an object, each

and every component of the object
must have same axis of rotation.

25
 Slip Angle

Slip angle means the angle between the

directions of the car is moving and the
wheel is headed.

26
Relation Between Lateral Force and Slip Angle

Lateral force is directly proportional to

slip angle up to peak angle.

Lateral Force VS Slip Angle

27
 Correct Steering Angle
Let,
a = distance between the longitudinal axis
of each front wheel.

b = distance between front and rear axle.

c = distance between the pivot A and B

28
Correct Steering Angle(Cont…)

29
 Correct Steering Angle(Cont…)

= + cot ϴ

So we can write, cot Ф - cot ϴ =

This is called the fundamental

equation of correct steering.

30
 Correct Steering Angle(Cont…)

In a steering mechanism the distance between the

pivots of the front axle is 1.2m and wheel base is
3m. If the vehicles take turn angle turned through
by the inner outer wheel by 30° the angle through
the outer wheel will turn,

31
Correct Steering Angle(Cont…)

32
 The Behavior of Trapezoid

Steering mechanism is done actually on

the basis of behavior of trapezoid when
it collapses.

33
The Behavior of Trapezoid(cont…)

34
 Types of Steering Mechanism
There are two types of mechanism are used as automobile steering mechanism.
1. Davis steering mechanism
2. Ackerman steering mechanism

35
 Davis Steering Gear Mechanism

Davis steering mechanism fulfils the

perfect steering condition.

36
 Ackerman Steering Mechanism

In every condition Ackerman steering is not

mathematically correct. Today modern car
steering system are made on the basis of the
Ackerman steering mechanism

37
 Davis Steering Gear Mechanism(Cont…)
Let, a = Vertical distance between AB and CD

b = Distance between front and rear axle.

d= Horizontal distance between AC and BD

c = Distance between the pivot A and B of

the front axle.

x = Distance moved by AC to ACʹ= CCʹ=DDʹ

α = Angle of inclination of the links AC and

BD to the vertical.

38
 Davis Steering Gear Mechanism(Cont…)
From triangle AAʹCʹ

tan (α + φ) = = (1)

From triangle A Aʹ C,

tan α = = (2)

From triangle BBʹDʹ

tan (α - θ) = = (3)

39
 Davis Steering Gear Mechanism(Cont…)
We know that

tan (α + φ) =

40
 Davis Steering Gear Mechanism(Cont…)
(d + x) (a – d tanφ) = a ( d + a tanφ)
ad - d² tanφ + ax – x d tanφ = ad + a² tanφ
tanφ ( a² + d² + d x) = ax

tanφ =

Similarly, from tan (α - θ) = , we get

41
Ackerman Steering Mechanism

42
STEERING SYSTEM PARTS

43
Steering Wheel

44
 Steering Wheel Attachments

Horn Switch
The horn switch, or horn pad, is always
mounted on the steering wheel. When an
emergency occurs, the driver’s hands are
already on the steering wheel, and little
movement is required to reach and press
the horn switch.

45
 Steering Wheel Attachments(Cont…)

Windshield Wiper and Turn Signal Switch

The two control lever on the steering column that operate

the high/low headlight beam, turn signals, windshield
wipers, and windshield washer are mounted around the
steering column. It is variously called the combination
switch or multifunction switch. To operate Windshield
Wiper and Turn Signal Switch must be on.

46
 Steering Wheel Attachments(Cont…)
Air Bag
The airbag is one of the most important parts of vehicle safety components.
An airbag can deploy in about 55 milliseconds.

47
Air Bag Deployment Module

48
Impact Sensor Location

49
50
 Crash or Impact Sensor

Before crash After crash

51
SRS Module

52
 Inflator

Once the control unit determines there is

an accident, it sends a signal to the
inflator system.

53
54
 Inflator Explosion

2NaN3 (s) → 2Na(s) + 3N2 (g)

[Thermal decomposition]

2NaN3 (s) + O (g) → NaO2 (s) + 3N2 (g)

55
56
 Airbag Diagnosing

Airbag are kept inside the airbag

deployment module. So the only way
to diagnose whether there is any
problem in airbag module or not by
inspecting the instrument panel.

57
Clock Spring

58
Steering wheel Attachment Replacement(Cont…)

59
Steering wheel Attachment Replacement(Cont…)

60
Steering wheel Attachment Replacement

61
62
63
Steering Wheel Puller Set Ratchet Wrench Torx driver

Socket with Wrench Flat Headed Screw Driver

64
Steering wheel Attachment Replacement(Cont…)

65
Steering Column Design

66
Steering Column Design(Cont…)

67
Steering Column Design(Cont…)

68
Steering Column Design(Cont…)

69
Steering Column Design(Cont…)

70
Steering Column Design(Cont…)

71
Steering Column Design(Cont…)

72
Tilt Steering Column Mechanism
Before those car which are installed with
manual steering column didn’t have tilted
mechanism. It was just firmly mounted
with underneath of the dashboard with
mounting brackets

73
Tilt Steering Column Mechanism(Cont..)

74
 Telescopic Steering Column Mechanism

Each car’s steering column is designed in telescopic mechanism. As the there is a shaft
inside the steering column jacket called upper steering column shaft can collapse like a
telescope. This mechanism is used because if the car collide with any obstacle steering
column with steering wheel may hit the driver can cause serious injury even death.

75
Collapsible Steering Column

76
Adjustable Steering Column Mechanism

77
Manual adjustable Steering Column

78
Steering Shaft Design

79
 Tilt and Telescoping Steering Column Diagnosis
1. Measure the length of the column.
2. Measure the length of the steering column jacket if has sheared plastic pin.
3. Inspect the condition of has mounting brackets with plastic pin joint.

80
81
Steering Column Removal and Replacement

82
Steering Shaft U-joint Coupling

83
Steering Couplers

84
85
TYPES OF STEERING SYSTEM

86
 Steering System Types

There basically two types of steering system,

1. Conventional or linkage steering system.
2. Rack and pinion steering system.

Conventional Steering System Rack and Pinion Steering System

87
 Conventional Steering System
 It is called Mechanical steering
system

 Work manually

 Required greater steering effort

 Idler arm, Pitman arm is used as

steering linkage.

 Is not used in modern car

88
 Different type of Conventional Steering System Gear Box

Worm and Roller Worm and Sector Cam and Roller Cam and Peg

Cam and Turn lever Recirculation Ball Worm and Ball

89
 Rack and Pinion Steering System

 Rack and Pinion gear is used in

gear box.

 Tie rod is used as steering

linkage.

 No Pitman or Idler arm.

 Used in modern car.

90
Rack and Pinion Gear Assembly

91
Rack and Pinion Gear Assembly(Cont…)

92
 Rack and Pinion Linkage
Rack-and-pinion linkage connects the gear to the steering knuckles. Rack-and-pinion
linkage is simple, consisting of inner and outer tie rods.

93
94
95
Ball joint

96
 Rack and Pinion Steering Gear Mounting

Rack housing is attached or holed by

rubber bushing and brackets to the cross
member with the nut and bolt. This cross
member holds the steering rack housing
with the chassis.

97
Power Rack and Pinion Steering Gear Design and Operation

98
99
100
Hydraulic Power Steering Mechanism

101
Spool Valve Operation

102
Hydraulic Power Steering Mechanism

103
104
105
106
107
Hydraulic Power Steering Mechanism

108
109
Power Steering Fluid Cooling System

110
POWER STEERING PUMP

111
 Power Steering Pump

Power steering pump is the heart of the hydraulic

power steering system. It delivers constant flow and
pressure to the control valve housing.

112
Power Steering Pump Design

113
Power Steering Pump Flow Control Valve

114
Hydraulic Power Steering Mechanism

115
Power Steering Pump Flow Control Valve

116
Hydraulic Power Steering Mechanism

117
Power Steering Pump Flow Control Valve

118
Power Steering Pump Diagnosis

119
Power Steering Pump Drive Belt

120
Serpentine V-Belt

121
122
SUSPENSION SYSTEM

123
 Suspension System

The suspension system isolated the

vehicle, passenger or driver from the
road shocks and vibrations by
absorbing in it

124
 Types of Suspension System
There are basically three types of suspension system.
1. Independent suspension system
2. Non- independent suspension system.
3. Semi- independent suspension system.

Independent Non- independent Semi- independent

125
 Suspension Component
Shock Absorber
Shock absorber is the fundamental element of suspension system. Control the vertical
oscillation of spring.

126
127
128
129
 Suspension Component(Cont…)

Coil Over Strut Suspension

Coil over suspension is a suspension component.
It is named as coil over because a coil type spring
is installed over a shock absorber.

130
131
132
Strut VS Shock

133
 Suspension Component(Cont…)

Mac Pherson Strut Suspension

This types of suspension design is used in
front wheel drive car as it allows space.

134
 Suspension Component(Cont…)

Double Wishbone Suspension

Basically the wishbone suspension has
two control arms. This is called wishbone
as the idea of this suspension has been
taken from the wishbone of the bird.

135
136
 Suspension Component
Sway Bar
A sway bar or anti-rolling bar is mounted with chassis of the car body or
crossmember by rubber bushing.

137
138
 Suspension Component(Cont…)
Control Arm
Control arm control the vertical movement of road wheel. It is an A shaped arm.

139
140
 Suspension Component(Cont…)
Ball Joint
Ball joint allows the side wise movement of road wheel when road wheel moves up and
down.

141
 Suspension System Diagnosis
1. Check all the joint of suspension component with shaking the component with
hand. Check the suspension after 50000 miles.
2. Take your car for a test drive.

142
Shock Absorber Replacement Procedure

143
Shock Absorber Replacement Procedure

144
TIRES AND WHEELS

145
 Tire

A tire is a ring shaped component that surrounded a

wheel rim to transfer a vehicle load from the axle
through the wheel to the ground and to provide
traction on the surface travel over.

146
Tire Construction

147
Tire Construction

148
Tire Construction

149
Tires Specification

150
151
Tires Specification(Cont…)

152
153
154
155
156
157
158
Tires Specification(Cont…)

159
160
161
Correct Tire Inflation

162
163
Tire Run out

164
165
Tire Run out

166
167
Tread Wear Indicator

168
Wheel Alignment
Camber

169
Wheel Alignment
Caster

170
Wheel Alignment
Toe

171
Tire Diagnosis

172
3D Wheel Alignment Procedure

173
3D Wheel Alignment Procedure(Cont…)

174
3D Wheel Alignment Procedure(Cont…)

175
176
PROBLEM FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

177
 Problem 1
Problem Statement: Customer complained that a loud dull sound was coming
when the car wheel strike with any bump of the rod. This sound was coming from
the front left side.

178
 Problem 2
Problem Statement: Customer complained that a dull sound was coming when the
steering is turned left or right during cornering.

179
 Problem 3

Problem 3: Customer complained steering wheel was pulling left side when steering
wheel was turning left side.

180
 Problem 4
Problem 4: Customer complained that is was very hard to turn the steering wheel
during cornering.

181
 Problem 5
Problem 5: An unusual humming noise was coming from the car wheel when it was
running more than 60kmph.

182
 Problem 6
Problem 6: Customer complained that the inner edge of the front wheels is gating
worn day by day.

183
 Problem 7
Problem 7 : Customer complained oil was leaking from underneath the car.

184
 Problem 8
Problem 8: Customer complained that steering wheel pull one side when car
wheel strike with road bump.

185
186
 Recommendations

Technicians must follow the minimum safety standard.

Service engineer must be careful about the maintenance of the heavy duty machine.

Company should change the defective equipments .

Company should provide a sun shed at car washing section.

187
Conclusion

188
Question Please

189
Thank You All

190