Академический Документы
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Russell Krick
Publisher
The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Tinley Park, Illinois
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
(9 Topics)
Fasteners
Washers
Machine screws
Sheet metal screws
Nonthreaded fasteners
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Torquing bolts and nuts
Thread repairs
Removing damaged fasteners
Gaskets and seals
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Devices that hold the parts of a vehicle
together
Thousands of fasteners are used in
vehicles
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Automotive Fasteners
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Bolts and Nuts
Bolt
metal rod with external threads on one
end and a head on the other
when a bolt is threaded into a part other
than a nut, it can also be called a cap
screw
Nut
has internal threads and, usually, a six-
sided outer shape
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Bolts and Nuts
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Bolt Dimensions
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Thread Types
There are three basic types of threads
used on fasteners:
Coarse threads
UNC-Unified National Coarse
Fine threads
UNF-Unified National Fine
Metric threads
SI
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Thread Direction
Bolts and nuts come in right- and left-
hand threads
Right-hand threads
fastener must be turned clockwise to
tighten
Left-hand threads
fastener must be turned counterclockwise
to tighten
letter L may be stamped on fastener
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Bolt Grade
Also called tensile strength
Refers to the amount of pull a fastener
can withstand before breaking
Bolt head markings specify the tensile
strength of the bolt
U.S. customary bolts are marked with
lines
Metric bolts are marked with numbers
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Bolt Description
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Nut Types
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Castle Nut and
Cotter Pin
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Washer Types
Flat washer
increases the clamping surface under the
fastener
prevents the bolt or nut from digging into
the part
Lock washer
prevents the bolt or nut from becoming
loose under stress and vibration
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Washer Types
Lock tabs or lock plates
perform the functions of both flat washers
and lock washers
increase clamping surface area and
secure the fastener
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Washer Types
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Also called tapping screws
Commonly used on plastic and sheet
metal parts, such as body trim,
dashboard panels, and grills
Use tapering threads that are widely
spaced
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Sheet Metal Screws
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Numerous types of nonthreaded
fasteners, such as snap rings, clips, and
adhesives, are used in the assembly
of a vehicle
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Snap Ring
Fits into a groove in a part and
commonly holds shafts, bearings,
gears, pins, and other components in
place
Snap ring pliers are needed to remove
and install a snap ring
special jaws grasp the snap ring
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Snap Ring Types
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Keys and Set Screws
Key
prevents a part from turning on its shaft
fits into a keyseat (slot) cut into a shaft
and a keyway cut into the mating part
Set screw
normally used to lock a part onto a shaft
not as strong as a key
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Keys and Set Screws
A. Key
B. Set screw
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Splines
Series of slots cut into a shaft and a
mating part
Allow the gear or collar to slide on the
shaft but still not rotate
Used in manual transmissions,
clutches, and drive shaft yokes
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Splines
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Adhesives
Special glues widely used in vehicles
Used to hold body moldings, rubber
weather stripping, and body emblems
Some stay soft and pliable; others dry
hard
Some take hours to dry; others dry in
seconds
Observe all directions and safety
precautions when using adhesives
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It is very important that bolts and
nuts be tightened properly—this is
called torquing
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Torque Specifications
Tightening values given by the auto
manufacturer
Normally given for all precision
assemblies, such as engines,
transmissions, and differentials
Factory specifications should be used
general bolt torque chart may be used if
factory specs are not available
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Bolt
Torque
Chart
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Torque-to-Yield
Requires a bolt to be tightened to a
specific torque and then turned an
additional number of degrees
Procedure stretches the bolt to its
correct yield point, preloading the
fastener for better clamping under
varying conditions
New bolts may be required each time
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Torque Stretch
Determined by measuring bolt length
change while torquing the bolt
when building a racing engine, you can
“mike” connecting rod bolts to measure
the length before and after tightening
Too much stretch indicates bolt
weakness
Not enough stretch may indicate thread
problems affecting torque
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Bolt Tightening
Sequence
Used to make sure that parts are
fastened evenly
Creates an even, gradual clamping
force along the entire mating surface of
the parts
Crisscross pattern is often
recommended
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Bolt Tightening
Sequence
10 6 2 3 7
9 5 1 4 8
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Bolt Tightening
Sequence
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Torque Wrench Rules
When manufacturer’s specs are not
available, use general specs in a
crisscross pattern
To avoid a false reading, pull only on
the handle
Tighten bolts and nuts in four steps
Retorque when required
some assemblies must be retightened
after operation and heating
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Threaded holes in parts can become
damaged, requiring repairs. A technician
must be capable of repairing damaged
threads quickly and properly.
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Minor Thread Repairs
Minor thread damage includes nicks,
partial flattening, and other less serious
problems
Minor damage can be repaired with a
thread chaser or a thread file
the thread chaser is run through or over
the threads to restore them
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Major Thread Repairs
Badly smashed or stripped threads
may be repaired with either a tap or die
Tap
threaded tool for cutting internal threads
in holes
Die
cuts external threads on metal rods, bolts,
shafts, and pins
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Tap and Die
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Using a Tap and Die
Hold the handle squarely with the work
Back the handle off to clean metal out
of the threads
Use a taper tap to start the threads
Use a plug tap and a bottoming tap to
cut the threads to the bottom of the
hole
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Tap and Die Rules
Never force a tap handle or the tool
may break
Keep the tap and die well oiled to ease
cutting
Use coarse threads when threading or
tapping into soft metal, like aluminum
coarse threads will hold better than fine
threads
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Tapping Oversize
When threads cannot be restored, the
hole can be drilled and tapped oversize
Use a “drill and tap size chart” to
choose a drill bit and tap
Drill the hole one size larger than the
original hole
Cut new threads in the drilled hole
Use a larger bolt in the threaded hole
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Thread Repair Insert
Used when the use of an oversize hole
and fastener is not acceptable
Takes place of damaged internal
threads
Allows the use of the original-size bolt
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Using an Insert
A. Drill the hole
oversize
B. Tap the hole
oversize
C. Mount the
insert on a
mandrel
D. Thread the
insert into the
hole
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Using an Insert
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Using an Insert
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Removal Methods
Grasp a rusted or rounded head with
locking pliers
Use a stud puller or stud wrench
removes studs and bolts broken off
above the surface of the part
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Removal Methods
Cut a slot in the fastener with a
hacksaw or weld on a nut to grasp
Use a hammer and punch
angle the punch so that blows from the
hammer can drive out the broken
fastener
Drill a hole almost as large as the
inside diameter of the threads
use a tap or punch to remove the thread
shell
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Removal Methods
Using a screw extractor
A. Drill a hole
B. Tap the extractor into the hole
C. Unscrew the extractor and bolt
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Removal Methods
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Gasket Rules
Inspect for leaks before disassembly
Be careful not to damage mating
surfaces while removing parts
Clean off old gaskets carefully
Wash and dry parts thoroughly
Compare the new gasket to the shape
of the mating surface
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Gasket Rules
Use a sealer if specified
When assembling, start all bolts by
hand
Tighten fasteners in steps
Use a crisscross tightening pattern
Do not overtighten fasteners
apply only the specified torque
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Sealers
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Form-in-Place Gaskets
Used instead of conventional fiber or
rubber gaskets
Two common types are:
room temperature vulcanizing (RTV)
sealer
anaerobic sealer
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RTV Sealer
Also called silicone sealer
Dries in contact with air
Used to form a rubber-like gasket on
thin, flexible flanges
Available in tubes
has a shelf life of one to two years
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RTV Sealer
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Anaerobic Sealer
Cures to a plastic-like substance in the
absence of air
Designed for tightly fitting, thick parts
Used between two smooth, true
surfaces
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Using Anaerobic
Sealer
Apply in a continuous bead that is
approximately 1/16"–3/32" (1.5 mm–
2 mm) wide
Circle all mounting holes
Torque components in place within 15
minutes of sealer application
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Using Sealers
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Seals
Prevent leakage between a stationary
part and a moving part
Found in engines, transmissions,
power steering units, and any part
containing fluid and moving parts
Made of synthetic rubber molded onto
a metal body
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Seal Application
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Seal Rules
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Seal Rules
Compare the old seal to the new seal
make sure the inner and outer diameters
match before installation
Install the new seal correctly
coat the outside with an approved sealer
coat the inner lip of the seal with system
fluid
install the seal with the sealing lip toward
the inside of the part
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O-Ring Seal
Stationary seal that fits into a groove
between two parts
When the parts are assembled, the
synthetic rubber seal is partially
compressed to form a leakproof joint
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O-Ring Seal