Stresses on Ships

• Stress is defined as a force (or forces) acting on a solid structure that causes a deformation known
as strain. Stresses are defined by how forces act on any material.
• Tensile Stress
• Caused by forces that tend to pull the material in parallel but opposite directions away from the
centre, increasing the tension and the length of the material before breaking it in two.
• Compression Stress
• Caused by forces that tend to push the material in parallel but opposite directions towards the
centre, causing the material to buckle or crush and decreasing its length until the force exerted
becomes equal to the strength of the material.
• Shear Stress
Caused by non-parallel forces that tend to pull the material in opposite directions away
from the centre, causing the material to shear under the influence of the exerted force.
Torsional Stress
Caused by forces acting in opposite directions, causing a twisting moment in the material. In other
words, if a shear stress occurs in a transverse direction, it is referred to as torsional stress.
 Bending moment and Shearing force
• Bending Moment
• The bending moment is the amount of bending caused to the
ship's hull by external forces. For example, the bending moment is
the highest in the midship section when the ship's ends are
supported by crests of a wave , known as `sagging' or `positive
bending'.
• When the ship is riding the crest of a wave at its midships, the
bending moment is known as `hogging' or `negative bending'.
Bending moments are measured in tonnemetres.
• Shearing Force
• When two external parallel forces act in opposite directions on any
part of a structure to break it apart or shear it, the forces are known
as shearing forces and are measured in tonnes. Shearing stress is,
therefore, the stress that may break or shear the structure apart.
 Panting stress
• Reinforcement required : Panting beams,
panting stringers, wash bulkhead, additional
stiffeners and reduced frame spacing in the
panting region reinforce the structure against
panting
 Pounding stress
• Pounding stresses is exist when ships is pitching. Ship’s
bows lift clear of the water and come down heavily. It
causes damage to the bottom and girder at the bow.
• Pounding stress is resisted by strong cellular double
bottom. For a large cargo vessel, longitudinally framed
bottom is used.
• The outer bottom plating covering the flat of the bottom
must be thickened.
• The connections of the shell and inner bottom girder-work
are made stronger
• Plate floors are fitted at alternate frames
• Longitudinal are stronger than normal
• Side girders are no more than 2.1 meters apart.
 Hogging and Sagging stress

Reinforcement required : Hogging and sagging are both

counteracted by reinforcement of the mid length of the
vessel through a centre girder, intercostal side girders,
andincreased thickness of deck, side and bottom plating.
• Additionally, watchkeeping officers must ensure that
the weights are distributed evenly throughout the
vessel's sea passage and during loading and
discharging. They must also be vigilant about the vessel
being placed on the crest or trough of the wave to
cause hogging or sagging when the wavelength is equal
to the ship's length.
 Torsion and Racking stress
• Reinforcement required : The corners of the
deck and DB tanks are reinforced by the use of
beam knees and brackets respectively.
 Corrosion
• Causes:
• Any corrosion reaction is always accompanied
by a flow of electricity from one metallic area
to another through a solution in which the
conduction of an electric current occurs by the
passage of ions.
• Electrochemical corrosion.
• Bimetallic corrosion
• Stress corrosion
 Corrosion control
• Sacrificial anode systems
• Sacrificial anodes are metals or alloys attached to
the hull that have a more anodic potential than
steel when immersed in sea water. These anodes
supply the catholic protection current, but will be
consumed in doing so and therefore require
replacement for the protection to be maintained.
• Impressed current systems:
• Principle is that a voltage difference is maintained
between the hull and fitted anodes, which will
protect the hull against corrosion.