Mohamed azzarudeen

Naveen Gokul
Dhaanish ahamed college of engineering
 OBJECTIVE
 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
 METHODOLOGY
 RESULT
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
To perform fracturing of the un-
conventional reservoir rocks by the
cryogenic agent i.e. liquid nitrogen
to overcome the consequences of
the hydraulic fracture.
Analysis of the un-conventional
reservoir rock
Assembling of fracturing
equipment's
Replacing the hydraulics (liquid)
with cryogen
Testing the variations in rock sample
HYDRAULIC FRACTURING :
 Hydraulic fracturing is a well stimulation technique
in which rock is fractured by a pressurized liquid.
 The process involves the high-pressure injection of
'fracking fluid' primarily water into a wellbore.
 This create cracks in the deep-rock formations
through which natural gas, petroleum, and brine
will flow more freely.
 When the hydraulic pressure is removed from the well, small grains of
hydraulic fracturing prop pants hold the fractures open.
 Liquid nitrogen is nitrogen in a liquid state at an
extremely low temperature.

 Colorless clear liquid

 Density of 0.807 g/ml

 Boiling point −195.79 °C; 77 K; −320 °F.

 Cryogenic fluid that can cause rapid freezing on

contact with living tissue

 Freezing point 63 K ; −210 °C; −346 °F

 Produced commercially from the cryogenic distillation of liquefaction

of air.
 Construction of two samples of concrete rock with dimensions
of 8”by 8”by 8” (TC1 & TC2)
 Drilling 8 number of 4”deep holes diagonally on the top
surface for embedding thermocouples
 6”deep borehole is drilled in the middle on the with dia of 2”
 TC1 sample is initially stabled at room temperature of 19oC
 TC2 sample is pre-heated in oven to 85oC
 Liquid nitrogen is injected directly from the LN2 tank into the borehole & then
vented through the annulus space to the environment.
 Both samples have gone through 30 minutes of cryogenic fracturing treatment.
 All of the temperature, pressure were collected during experiment.
 Sample TC1 :
 The circulation pressure of liquid
nitrogen is about 15 psi over the
ambient pressure. The above graph
shows the Temperature readings
from all thermal couple (TC) during
the cryogenic fracturing treatment.
 The pressure decay tests before and
after the cryogenic treatment
shows an improvement on the
overall permeability of the sample
TC1.
 Average permeability of TC1
before treatment was about
1.05×10-2 mD.
 After treatment, the Average
permeability is increase to 1.55×10-2
mD.
SAMPLE TC2 :
 Cryogenic fracturing treatment on
TC2 should potentially be more
efficient. The above graph shows
the Temperature readings from all
thermal couples during treatment.
 The pressure decay tests before and
after the cryogenic treatment
shows an improvement on the
overall permeability of the sample
TC2 .
 Average permeability of TC2 before
treatment was about 0.130 mD.
 After treatment, the Average
permeability is increase to 0.655
mD.
Identification of reservoir

Surface hole is drilled using water based

mud system

Casing is done to prevent the damage in

the well production

Further drilling is done until it reaches the

kick off point i.e. to the targeted reservoir

Drilling is finished & completion of well

takes place by perforation
Next the cryogenic fracturing takes place
by letting in the liquid nitrogen

This cryogen passes through the well &

the perforated region causing fractures

The fractures caused by cryogen are

more efficient than water fracturing

After the fracturing process ,the oil from

reservoir travels through the well

This oil reaches the surface & the

production processes begin.
romising formation-damage-free

Environmental-friendly stimulation
technology

Achieve reasonable permeability

enhancement

the extent of permeability

enhancement is greatly restricted

evenly increase the permeability

in the affected area.