ORGANIC PRESENTATION

MAAM SOPHIA AWAIS

Classifications & Preparation Methods
What are Alcohols ?
 Alcohols are a homologous series of organic compound
 General formula ROH
 R is an alkyl group which may be CH3-, CH3CH2- etc.
Classifications
 Alcohols are classified into Two Groups.
 Monohydric Alcohols.
 Polyhydric alcohols.
 Monohydric alcohols contain one –OH group.
 Polyhydric alcohols may contain two or more –OH groups
and named as dihydric or trihydric alcohols
Subclassifications
 Monohydric alochols are further classified into three
groups
 Primary Alcohols
 Secondary Alcohols
 Tertiary Alcohols
Primary Alcohols
 Alcohol which has the hydroxyl group
 They are connected to the primary carbon atom
Secondary Alcohols
 They have two R groups
 Attached to the carbon to which the OH group is attached.
Tertiary Alcohols
 They have three R groups
 Attached to the carbon to which the OH group attached.
Hydrolysis of Alkyl Halides
 This is a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
 This method is not a very effective one.
 Because it has as olefins as by products ions.
 R-X + KOHaq → R-OH
Prepartion of alcohol from Grignard reagent
 The addition of RMgX on carbonyl compound
 Hydrolysis gives alcohols.
 CH3I + Mg CH3MgI
CH3MgI+ CH2-CH2 ether CH3-CH2-CH2OMGI
O H30+
I
CH3-CH2-CH2OH+ Mg
OH
Reaction with Thionyl chloride
 In this reaction thionyl chloride react in the presence of
Pyridine and it formed ethyl chloride & hydrogen chloride
 C2H5OH+ SOCl2 pyridine C2H5Cl+SO2+HCl
Reduction of carbonyl compound
 Reduction of aldehydes and ketones
 Reduce aldehydes to primary alcohols and ketones to
secondary alcohols
 This process can take place by the catalytic hydrogenation
 Or by the use of chemical reducing agents like lithium
aluminium hydride, LiAlH4
By Fermentation
 Alcohol is also prepared on industrial scale word over by
the process of fermentation.
 Optimum temperature for this process 25-35 C
 It required proper aeration, dilution of
solution and absence of any preservative.
 It can be prepared by molasses starch etc.
Chemical properties
 Combustion
 Dehydration
 Oxidation
Combustion
 Alcohols burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
 Burn cleanly and easily, and does not produce soot
 It becomes increasingly more difficult to burn alcohols as the
molecules get bigger.

 The general molecular equation for the reaction is:

CnH2n+1OH + (1.5n)O2 → (n+1)H2O + nCO2

 Example: combustion of ethanol:

C2H5OH (l) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 CO2 (g) + 3 H2O (g); (ΔHc =
−1371 kJ/mol)
Dehydration
 It is done by heating with concentrated sulfuric acid
,which acts as the dehydrating agent, at 180°C.
 It uses alcohols to produce corresponding alkenes and
water as byproduct.
 C2H5OH CH2=CH2 + H20
 e.g. dehydration of ethanol
Oxidation
 Alcohols can be oxidised into carboxylic acids.
 e.g. oxidation of ethanol:
C2H5OH + [O] → CH3COOH + H2O
 It can be done by using
oxidising agents such as
acidified potassium dichromate (VI),
acidified potassium manganate (VII)...
Physical properties
 Solubility in water
 Boiling point
 Viscosity
 Polarity
 Flammability
Solubilty in Water
 Soluble in water.
 Hydroxyl group in the alcohol which is able to form hydrogen bonds with
water molecules.
 Smaller hydrocarbon chain are very soluble.
 As the length of the hydrocarbon chain increases, the solubility in water
decreases.
 Because it is requires more energy to overcome the hydrogen bonds
between the alcohol molecules
Boiling point
 This graph shows the comparison of boiling points of methane with
methanol, ethane with ethanol, propane with propanol, and butane with
butanol.
 Boiling point of an alcohol is always much higher than the boiling point of
the corresponding alkane with the same hydrocarbon chain.
 The boiling point of alcohols also increase as the length of hydrocarbon
chain increases.
 Because the intermolecular forces of alcohols are hydrogen bonds, unlike
alkanes with van der Waals forces as their inter molecular forces
Viscosity
 Viscosity is the property of a fluid that resists the force
tending to cause the fluid to flow.
 The viscosity of alcohols increase as the size of the
molecules increases.
 Because the strength of the intermolecular forces increases
holding the molecules more firmly in place.
Polarity
 Amide > Acid > Alcohol > Ketone ~ Aldehyde > Amine >
Ester > Ether > Alkane
 Amide is the most polar while alkane is the least.
 Alcohol is ranked third in terms of polarity due to its
hydrogen bonding capabilities and presence of one oxygen
atom in an alcohol molecule.
 Carboxylic acids are more polar than alcohols because
there are two oxygen atoms present in a carboxylic acid
molecule.
Flammability
 The flammability of alcohols decrease as the size and
mass of the molecules increases
 Combustion breaks the covalent bonds of the molecules,
so as the size and mass of the molecules increases
 There are more covalent bonds to break in order to burn
that alcohol
 More energy is required to break the bonds, therefore the
flammability of alcohols decrease as size and mass of
molecules increases.
Lucas Test
 Lucas test is based on the difference in reactivity of
primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols with hydrogen
chloride.
 Alcohol is treated with Lucas reagent (conc. HCl and
ZnCl2).
 Turbidity is produced as halides of the substituted alcohol
are immiscible in Lucas reagent
Test with All Types of Alcohols
 In case of primary alcohol, turbidity is not produced at room
temperature. However, on heating, an oily layer is formed.
 In case of secondary alcohol, an oily layer is produced in 5-6
minutes. Thus, the reaction takes some time to produce
turbidity.
 In case of tertiary alcohol, turbidity is immediately produced
as halides are easily formed.
 Thus, the rate of formation of turbidity upon reaction of an
alcohol with Lucas reagent helps us in the identification of
primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol.
Pharmaceutical Applications
 Blood fractionation/plasma
 Chemical intermediates
 Tablets
 Powders
 Antibiotics
THANK YOU