Climate & Built Environment

Climate & Human Comfort

Unit-1

Presentation by,
Ar.Vijay Vinithan B.Arch.,M.Arch.,A.I.I.A
Climate-Beautiful composition from
Nature
What climate you need people????

• Warm humid climate

• Warm humid island
• Hot dry desert climate
• Hot dry maritime
• Composite or Monsoon climate
• Cold climate
 Here it is!!
• Warm humid climate (Colombo, Singapore)
• Warm humid island (island like Philippines)
• Hot dry desert climate (Bhagdad, Jaisalmer)
• Hot dry maritime (Kuwait, Karachi)
• Composite or Monsoon climate (Delhi)
• Cold climate (Darjeeling)
 Climates and locations!!!
Hot dry climate Maritime- Warm humid climate-Colombo
Abudhabi

Warm humid island climate

Phillipines

Hot dry climate-Jaisalmer

 Climate-Etimology
• The word Climate entered the English
language in the 14th century from the Greek
word ‘Klima’, meaning inclination or slope. I.e.
inclination of the slope of the earth gave an
indication of the weather.
 Climate (combo)
• Climate of a region can be defined as the
region with certain conditions of temperature,
dryness, wind, light etc.
 Climate (Scientific definition)
• Integration in time of the Physical state of the
atmospheric conditions (air,water,vegetation),
characteristic feature of a certain geographic location
(topography)-Marutham,Mullai,Paalai,Kurunji,Neithal
 Climatology
• Scientific study of climates
• Climatology focuses primarily on climate
changes throughout and the effects of the
climate on people and events over time.
 Climatology –Why important??
• Climatology is important in all these fields
because long-term changes in climate can
affect the future of crop production, energy,
animals, and even humans.
• Climatologist is the name given to the person
who studied the subject.
• A climatologist attempts to discover and
explain the impacts of climate so that society
can plan its activities, design its buildings and
infrastructure, and anticipate the effects of
adverse conditions
Factors get influenced by Climate
Weather report!!!
Weather???? (Is it same or differs from
Climate?)
• Weather is the momentary state of the
atmospheric environment at a certain
location.
• Condition of the atmosphere over a brief
period of time.
• It is the combination
of……………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………......
Composition of Weather
 Combination of Weather
• It is the combination of temperature,
humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, visibility,
and
wind………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………….
 Factors that determines the
Climate of a place
• Solar radiation quantity
• The earth receives all its energy from the sun
in the form of radiation thus the sun plays an
important role on climate
 Solar radiation quantity
• The intensity of solar radiation reaching the
upper surface of the atmosphere is taken as
the Solar constant
 TILT OF THE EARTHS AXIS
• The earth moves round the sun in an elliptical
orbit. One revolution completed in 366 days
or to be precise 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes
and 46 seconds.
TILT OF THE EARTHS AXIS
 TILT OF THE EARTHS AXIS
• At the equinoxes,March 20 & Sep 22 the sun is
directly over the equator, but at the solstices,
June 21 and December 21, the sun is directly
above the Tropic of Cancer (latitude 23.4°N) or
the Tropic of Capricorn (latitude 23.4°S),
respectively.
• Solstices is a phenomena when the sun is the
far from the equator
• During Equinoxe,day and night of equal days
 COSINE LAW
• When radiation from the sun strikes the surface of an
object directly, the energy density per unit area will be
much higher than if the radiation struck from a much
greater angle.
• This effect can be calculated using the cosine law, where
the radiant energy from the sun multiplied by the cosine of
the incidence angle.
• When the radiation strikes at 75° it imparts only 26% of its
energy to the surface. At 15° it imparts 96% of its energy.
Obviously at 0° it would impart 100% and at 90° it would
impart 0% as it no longer actually strikes the surface.
 INSOLATION
• The heat we receive from the Sun, termed solar insolation
• The insolations into a surface are largest when the surface
directly faces the Sun.
• This 'projection effect' is the main reason why the Polar
Regions are much colder than equatorial regions on Earth
 TOPOGRAPHY
YOU KNOW THIS?????

JACK AND JILL WENT UP TO THE HILL!!!!

 TOPOGRAPHY
• The Topography of an area can greatly
influence our climate. Mountain ranges are
natural barriers to air movement.
• Topography represents a particular area in
detail, including everything natural and man-
made — hills, valleys, roads, or lakes. It's the
geographical contours of the land.
• Topography affects climate in a variety of
ways. The orientation of mountains to the
prevailing wind affects precipitation.
TOPOGRAPHY
 TOPOGRAPHY
• Windward slopes, those facing into the wind, experience
more precipitation
• Leeward sides of mountains are in the rain shadow and thus
receive less precipitation.
• Air temperatures are affected by slope and orientation as
slopes facing into the Sun will be warmer than those facing
away.
 Wind
• Winds are created because of the uneven
heating the Earth
• Air moves from high pressure to low pressure
• Areas that are warmer are low pressure areas,
so wind blows toward low pressure
• Areas that are colder are high pressure areas,
so wind blows away from high pressure
 Wind - Types
PLANETARY WINDS
• These winds blow across the entire planet
• They generally blow at the same speed and direction
• Some are high in the atmosphere and you cannot
feel them on the ground
• TRADE WINDS
• The air movements toward the equator are
called trade winds- warm, steady breezes that blow
almost continuously.
 TRADE WINDS
• They were named by EUROPEAN sailors who
relied upon these winds to propel their ships
across the seas for trade
 POLAR WINDS
• High pressure over the poles (caused by the
sinking cold dense air) causes the air to blow
away from the poles toward 60º latitude
 LOCAL WINDS
• These winds blow over small areas
• These are the winds we feel on the ground
 LAND AND SEA BREEZES
• With a high pressure above the water and a lower
pressure above the land. Wind blows from the
sea towards the land. This is known as a Sea
breeze.
 LAND AND SEA BREEZES
• In the night, land cools down much quicker than the
waters of the ocean. As the land becomes cooler, so
does the air above it. This results in air becoming
denser, forming a high pressure, causing winds to
blow outward towards the sea. This is known as a
land breeze.
 Once again Climate (sorry)
• Macro climate:
Every town city, village will have a climate of its own
slightly different from the region. The macro climate
around a building cannot be affected by any
design changes; however the building design can be
developed with knowledge of the macro climate in
which the building is located.
 Climate
• Micro climate:
Variation in climate around a building or a
surrounding area. Tall buildings create their own
microclimate, both by overshadowing large areas
and by channeling strong winds to ground
level. Microclimates can also refer to manmade
environments, such as those in a room or other
enclosure.
 Climate
• Site Climate: Site climate establishes the scale.
Whatever the size of the project, it implies the
climate of the area available and is its use in
the horizontal and vertical context.
 Factors affecting Site Climate
• Local factors
• Air Temperature
• Temperature Inversion
• Humidity
• Precipitation
• Sky condition
• Solar Radiation
• Air movement
• Vegetation
• Urban climate
See u in Next Class!!!!