Presentation by, Ar.Vijay Vinithan B.Arch.,M.Arch.,A.I.I.A Climate-Beautiful composition from Nature What climate you need people????
• Warm humid climate
• Warm humid island • Hot dry desert climate • Hot dry maritime • Composite or Monsoon climate • Cold climate Here it is!! • Warm humid climate (Colombo, Singapore) • Warm humid island (island like Philippines) • Hot dry desert climate (Bhagdad, Jaisalmer) • Hot dry maritime (Kuwait, Karachi) • Composite or Monsoon climate (Delhi) • Cold climate (Darjeeling) Climates and locations!!! Hot dry climate Maritime- Warm humid climate-Colombo Abudhabi
Warm humid island climate
Phillipines
Hot dry climate-Jaisalmer
Climate-Etimology • The word Climate entered the English language in the 14th century from the Greek word ‘Klima’, meaning inclination or slope. I.e. inclination of the slope of the earth gave an indication of the weather. Climate (combo) • Climate of a region can be defined as the region with certain conditions of temperature, dryness, wind, light etc. Climate (Scientific definition) • Integration in time of the Physical state of the atmospheric conditions (air,water,vegetation), characteristic feature of a certain geographic location (topography)-Marutham,Mullai,Paalai,Kurunji,Neithal Climatology • Scientific study of climates • Climatology focuses primarily on climate changes throughout and the effects of the climate on people and events over time. Climatology –Why important?? • Climatology is important in all these fields because long-term changes in climate can affect the future of crop production, energy, animals, and even humans. • Climatologist is the name given to the person who studied the subject. • A climatologist attempts to discover and explain the impacts of climate so that society can plan its activities, design its buildings and infrastructure, and anticipate the effects of adverse conditions Factors get influenced by Climate Weather report!!! Weather???? (Is it same or differs from Climate?) • Weather is the momentary state of the atmospheric environment at a certain location. • Condition of the atmosphere over a brief period of time. • It is the combination of…………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………...... Composition of Weather Combination of Weather • It is the combination of temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, visibility, and wind……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………. Factors that determines the Climate of a place • Solar radiation quantity • The earth receives all its energy from the sun in the form of radiation thus the sun plays an important role on climate Solar radiation quantity • The intensity of solar radiation reaching the upper surface of the atmosphere is taken as the Solar constant TILT OF THE EARTHS AXIS • The earth moves round the sun in an elliptical orbit. One revolution completed in 366 days or to be precise 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds. TILT OF THE EARTHS AXIS TILT OF THE EARTHS AXIS • At the equinoxes,March 20 & Sep 22 the sun is directly over the equator, but at the solstices, June 21 and December 21, the sun is directly above the Tropic of Cancer (latitude 23.4°N) or the Tropic of Capricorn (latitude 23.4°S), respectively. • Solstices is a phenomena when the sun is the far from the equator • During Equinoxe,day and night of equal days COSINE LAW • When radiation from the sun strikes the surface of an object directly, the energy density per unit area will be much higher than if the radiation struck from a much greater angle. • This effect can be calculated using the cosine law, where the radiant energy from the sun multiplied by the cosine of the incidence angle. • When the radiation strikes at 75° it imparts only 26% of its energy to the surface. At 15° it imparts 96% of its energy. Obviously at 0° it would impart 100% and at 90° it would impart 0% as it no longer actually strikes the surface. INSOLATION • The heat we receive from the Sun, termed solar insolation • The insolations into a surface are largest when the surface directly faces the Sun. • This 'projection effect' is the main reason why the Polar Regions are much colder than equatorial regions on Earth TOPOGRAPHY YOU KNOW THIS?????
JACK AND JILL WENT UP TO THE HILL!!!!
TOPOGRAPHY • The Topography of an area can greatly influence our climate. Mountain ranges are natural barriers to air movement. • Topography represents a particular area in detail, including everything natural and man- made — hills, valleys, roads, or lakes. It's the geographical contours of the land. • Topography affects climate in a variety of ways. The orientation of mountains to the prevailing wind affects precipitation. TOPOGRAPHY TOPOGRAPHY • Windward slopes, those facing into the wind, experience more precipitation • Leeward sides of mountains are in the rain shadow and thus receive less precipitation. • Air temperatures are affected by slope and orientation as slopes facing into the Sun will be warmer than those facing away. Wind • Winds are created because of the uneven heating the Earth • Air moves from high pressure to low pressure • Areas that are warmer are low pressure areas, so wind blows toward low pressure • Areas that are colder are high pressure areas, so wind blows away from high pressure Wind - Types PLANETARY WINDS • These winds blow across the entire planet • They generally blow at the same speed and direction • Some are high in the atmosphere and you cannot feel them on the ground • TRADE WINDS • The air movements toward the equator are called trade winds- warm, steady breezes that blow almost continuously. TRADE WINDS • They were named by EUROPEAN sailors who relied upon these winds to propel their ships across the seas for trade POLAR WINDS • High pressure over the poles (caused by the sinking cold dense air) causes the air to blow away from the poles toward 60º latitude LOCAL WINDS • These winds blow over small areas • These are the winds we feel on the ground LAND AND SEA BREEZES • With a high pressure above the water and a lower pressure above the land. Wind blows from the sea towards the land. This is known as a Sea breeze. LAND AND SEA BREEZES • In the night, land cools down much quicker than the waters of the ocean. As the land becomes cooler, so does the air above it. This results in air becoming denser, forming a high pressure, causing winds to blow outward towards the sea. This is known as a land breeze. Once again Climate (sorry) • Macro climate: Every town city, village will have a climate of its own slightly different from the region. The macro climate around a building cannot be affected by any design changes; however the building design can be developed with knowledge of the macro climate in which the building is located. Climate • Micro climate: Variation in climate around a building or a surrounding area. Tall buildings create their own microclimate, both by overshadowing large areas and by channeling strong winds to ground level. Microclimates can also refer to manmade environments, such as those in a room or other enclosure. Climate • Site Climate: Site climate establishes the scale. Whatever the size of the project, it implies the climate of the area available and is its use in the horizontal and vertical context. Factors affecting Site Climate • Local factors • Air Temperature • Temperature Inversion • Humidity • Precipitation • Sky condition • Solar Radiation • Air movement • Vegetation • Urban climate See u in Next Class!!!!