Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 63

Mobile Radio Propagation

Small-Scale Fading and Multipath


Effects of Multipath propagation

• Rapid changes in signal strength


• Random frequency modulation
• Time dispersion (echoes)
Factors Influencing Small Scale Fading

• Multipath propagation
• Speed of the mobile
• Speed of surrounding objects
• The transmission bandwidth of the signal
Doppler Shift Geometry
Delay Spread
• Each multipath signal travels different path
length so the time of arrival for each path i
s different.
• A single transmitted pulse will be spread in
time when it reaches the receiver. This eff
ect which spreads out the signal is called
Delay Spread.
• It leads to increase in the signal BW.
• It is a property of communication channel.
• It causes ISI interference
Mobile Radio Channel
Signal experiences multipath propagation
This causes rapid signal level fluctuations i
n time. (fading)
Introduce noise ,fading ,interference and o
ther distortions into the signals that they tr
ansmit.
Fading
• Large scale fading
• Small scale fading
• Rayleigh fading- If there is large number of
reflective paths with no LOS signal path.
• Rician fading occurs for LOS path.
• Rapid fluctuations of signal are caused by
-addition of signals arriving via different pa
ths (multipath fading)
• -Doppler effect
Types of small scale fading
Fading effects are classified as-
- Due to multipath time delay spread
- Due to Doppler spread.
multipath time delay spread
- Flat fading- All frequency components of th
e received signal fluctuates in the same pr
oportions simultaneously.
• Experiment- A narrow pulse is sent.
• How frequency is related to delay spread?

Signal strength

Delay
Inter Symbol Interference
• If delay spread of the channel is comparab
le with the symbol length we get ISI
- second multipath is delayed and is
received during next symbol.
• ISI has an impact on burst error rate of ch
annel
- for low BER.
- R is limited by delay spread.
Impulse Response of a Multipath Channel
• The small scale variations of a mobile radi
o signal can be directly related to the impul
se response of mobile radio channel.
• The impulse response is a wideband chan
nel characteristics
• It contains all information necessary to – si
mulate and analyze the channel.
• This is because the mobile radio channel c
an be modelled as a linear filter with a time
varying impulse response.
• Multipath fading is characterised by the ch
annel impulse response which includes th
e information of relative time , signal powe
r, signal phase.
• The channel is time varying
• We assume that time variation are strictly
due to the receiver motion.( t=d/v)
Channel Issues
Complex Baseband model for RF systems
Time-varying impulse response
Relationship between Bandwidth & Receive
d Power
• The impulse response of a multipath channel is measured in th
e field using channel sounding techniques.
• Small scale fading behaves quite differently for two signals with
different bandwidths in the identical multipath channel.
• Let p(t) be a repetitive baseband pulse train (probing signal) wit
h very narrow pulse width Tbb & repetitive period TREP.
• Tbb is smaller than the delays between multipath components in
the channel.
• It is seen that the total received power is simply related the sum
of the powers in the individual multipath components, & is scale
d by the ratio of the probing pulse’s width & amplitude, & the m
aximum observed excess delay of the channel.
Relationship between Bandwidth & Rec
eived Power
• If a transmitted signal is able to resolve the multipaths, then the
average small-scale received power is simply the sum of the av
erage powers received in each multipath component.
• In practice, the amplitudes of the individual multipath componen
ts do not fluctuate widely in a local area. Thus, the received po
wer of a wideband signal such as p(t) does not fluctuate signific
antly when a receiver is moved about a local area.
• The average power for a continuous wave signal is equivalent t
o the average received power for a wideband signal in a small-s
cale region.
• Thus, the received local ensemble average power of wideband
& narrowband signals are equivalent.
Measured Impulse Responses
Small Scale Multipath Measurements

• Wideband channel sounding techniques ar


e used.
– Direct pulse measurements
– Spread spectrum sliding correlator measurem
ents
– Swept frequency measurements
Channel Sounder: Direct RF Pulse system
Channel Sounder: PN Type
Channel Sounder: Swept Freq. type

Transmittivity
Parameters of Mobile Mulitipath Channels
• Power delay profiles are generally represented as plots of relati
ve received power as a function of excess delay with respect to
a fixed time delay reference.

• Power delay profiles are found by averaging instantaneous pow


er delay profile measurements over a local area in order to dete
rmine an average small-scale power delay profile.

• Considerations: Time resolution of probing pulse, type of multip


ath channels, λ/4 wavelength spatial separation, Receiver move
ment < 6m in outdoor channels & < 2m in indoor channels, freq
uency- 450 MHz to 6 GHz.

• Small scale sampling avoids large-scale averaging bias in the r


esulting small-scale statistics.
Measured power delay profiles
Time Dispersion Parameters
• In order to compare different multipath channels & to
develop some general design guidelines for wireless
systems, parameters which grossly quantify the multipath
channel are used.
• Mean excess delay: The first moment of the power delay
profile.
• RMS delay spread: Square root of the second central
moment of the power delay profile.
The delays are measured relative to the first detectable
signal arriving at the receiver
• The delays measured do not rely on the absolute power
level of P(τ), but only on the relative amplitudes of the
multipath components within P(τ).
• The rms delay spread & mean excess delay are defined
from a single power delay profile.
• Maximum excess delay (X): Defined to be the time delay
during which multipath energy falls to X dB below the
maximum.
• Maximum excess delay defines the temporal extent of the
multipath that is above a particular threshold.
• The power delay profile & the magnitude frequency
response (spectral response) of a mobile radio channel are
related through the Fourier transform.
Indoor Power Delay Profile
Coherence Bandwidth
• Coherence bandwidth: Analogous to the delay spread
parameters in the time domain, coherence bandwidth is
used to characterize the channel in the frequency domain.
• It is a statistical measure of the range of frequencies over
which the channel can be considered to be “flat”.
• An exact relationship between coherence bandwidth & rms
delay spread is a function of specific channel impulse
responses & applied signals.
• Delay spread & coherence bandwidth are parameters
which describe the time dispersive nature of the channel in
a local area.
Coherence Time
• Doppler spread & coherence time are parameters which describe the
time varying nature of the channel in a small-scale region.
• Doppler spread: BD: Measure of the spectral broadening caused by
the time rate of change of the mobile radio channel. Defined as the
range of frequencies over which the received Doppler spectrum is
essentially non-zero.
• Doppler spectrum: Varies from fc – fd to fc + fd.
• Coherence time: TC: The time domain dual of Doppler spread. Used
to characterize the time varying nature of the frequency
dispersiveness of the channel in the time domain.
• ie. Coherence time is the time duration over which two received
signals have a strong potential for amplitude correlation.
Typical RMS delay spreads
Two independent fading issues
Flat Fading Channels
• If the mobile radio channel has a constant gain & linear phase r
esponse over a bandwidth which is greater than the bandwidth
of the transmitted signal, then the received signal will undergo “
Flat fading”.
• Spectral characteristics of the transmitted signal are preserved
at the receiver.
• However, the strength of the received signal changes with time,
due to fluctuations in the gain of the channel caused by multipat
h.
• Also called as: Amplitude varying channels, Narrowband chann
els.
• Causes deep fades – Hence requires 20 – 30 dB more transmit
ter power to achieve low BER.
Flat-fading (non-freq. Selective)
Frequency Selective Fading
• If the channel possess a constant-gain & linear phase response
over a bandwidth that is smaller than the bandwidth of transmitt
ed signal, then the channel creates “frequency selective fading”
on the received signal.
• Due to time dispersion of the transmitted symbols within the ch
annel. Thus, the channel induces ISI.
• In the frequency domain, certain frequency components in the r
eceived signal spectrum have greater gains than others.
• Frequency selective fading is caused by multipath delays which
approach or exceed the symbol period of the transmitted symbo
l.
• Also called as: Wideband channels
Frequency selective fading
Fast Fading
• Deals with rate of change of the channel due to motion.
• The channel impulse response changes rapidly within the symb
ol duration.
• Coherence time of < symbol period of
the channel the transmitted signal
• This causes frequency dispersion (time selective fading) due to
Doppler spreading, leading to signal distortion.
• In the frequency domain, signal distortion due to fast fading incr
eases with increasing Doppler spread relative to the bandwidth
of the transmitted signal
• TS > TC, BS < Bd
• In practice, fast fading only occurs for very low data rates.
Slow Fading
• The channel impulse response changes at a rate much slower t
han the transmitted baseband signal s(t).
• Channel is assumed to be static over one or several reciprocal
bandwidth intervals.
• In the frequency domain, it implies that the Doppler spread of th
e channel is much less than the bandwidth of the baseband sig
nal.
• TS << TC, BS >> Bd
• Note: Velocity of the mobile / objects in the channel & the base
band signaling determines whether a signal undergoes fast fadi
ng or slow fading.
Two independent fading issues
Rayleigh Fading Distribution
• The Rayleigh distribution is commonly used to describ
e the statistical time varying nature of the received env
elope of a flat fading signal, or the envelope of an indiv
idual multipath component.
• The envelope of the sum of two quadrature Gaussian
noise signals obeys a Rayleigh distribution.
• The Rayleigh distribution has a pdf given by
p(r) = r/σ2 exp (-r2/(2σ2)), (0 ≤ r ≤ ∞)
= 0 (r < 0 )
Where, σ – rms value of the received voltage signal before en
velope detection
σ2 – time-average power of the received signal before
envelope detection
Rayleigh fading
Ricean Fading Distribution
• When there is a dominant stationary (non-fading) signal compo
nent present, such as a LOS propagation path, the small scale f
ading envelope distribution is Ricean.
• Random multipath components arriving at different angles are s
uperimposed on a stationary dominant signal. At the O/P of the
envelope detector, this has the effect of adding a DC componen
t to the random multipath.
• As the dominant signal becomes weaker, the composite signal r
esembles a noise signal which has an envelope that is Rayleigh
.
• Thus, the Ricean distribution degenerates to a Rayleigh distribu
tion when the dominant component fades away.
Small-scale envelope distributions
Ricean and Rayleigh fading distributions
Small-scale fading mechanism
Doppler spectrum
Spectrum of Envelope of doppler faded sign
al
Simulating Doppler/Small-scale fading
Modeling Mobile Radio Small-scale fading
Simulating Doppler fading
Simulating Doppler fading
Simulating multipath with Doppler-i
nduced Rayleigh fading
Simulating 2-ray multipath
SIRCIM – Simulation of all indoor propa
gation Characteristics
SMRCIM – Simulation of all outdoor pr
opagation Characteristics
SIRCIM and SMRCIM
• Available from Wireless Valley Communic
ations, Inc.
• Source code in C is available
• www. Wirelessvalley.com
Angular Spread model
Spatial distribution of Multipath
Angular Spread key to fading
Spatial orientation of multipath i
mpacts the depths of fading
Angular Distribution of power
Angular Spread predicts correlation distan
ces
Angular Spread predicts correlation dist
ances

Вам также может понравиться