Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
• Multipath propagation
• Speed of the mobile
• Speed of surrounding objects
• The transmission bandwidth of the signal
Doppler Shift Geometry
Delay Spread
• Each multipath signal travels different path
length so the time of arrival for each path i
s different.
• A single transmitted pulse will be spread in
time when it reaches the receiver. This eff
ect which spreads out the signal is called
Delay Spread.
• It leads to increase in the signal BW.
• It is a property of communication channel.
• It causes ISI interference
Mobile Radio Channel
Signal experiences multipath propagation
This causes rapid signal level fluctuations i
n time. (fading)
Introduce noise ,fading ,interference and o
ther distortions into the signals that they tr
ansmit.
Fading
• Large scale fading
• Small scale fading
• Rayleigh fading- If there is large number of
reflective paths with no LOS signal path.
• Rician fading occurs for LOS path.
• Rapid fluctuations of signal are caused by
-addition of signals arriving via different pa
ths (multipath fading)
• -Doppler effect
Types of small scale fading
Fading effects are classified as-
- Due to multipath time delay spread
- Due to Doppler spread.
multipath time delay spread
- Flat fading- All frequency components of th
e received signal fluctuates in the same pr
oportions simultaneously.
• Experiment- A narrow pulse is sent.
• How frequency is related to delay spread?
Signal strength
Delay
Inter Symbol Interference
• If delay spread of the channel is comparab
le with the symbol length we get ISI
- second multipath is delayed and is
received during next symbol.
• ISI has an impact on burst error rate of ch
annel
- for low BER.
- R is limited by delay spread.
Impulse Response of a Multipath Channel
• The small scale variations of a mobile radi
o signal can be directly related to the impul
se response of mobile radio channel.
• The impulse response is a wideband chan
nel characteristics
• It contains all information necessary to – si
mulate and analyze the channel.
• This is because the mobile radio channel c
an be modelled as a linear filter with a time
varying impulse response.
• Multipath fading is characterised by the ch
annel impulse response which includes th
e information of relative time , signal powe
r, signal phase.
• The channel is time varying
• We assume that time variation are strictly
due to the receiver motion.( t=d/v)
Channel Issues
Complex Baseband model for RF systems
Time-varying impulse response
Relationship between Bandwidth & Receive
d Power
• The impulse response of a multipath channel is measured in th
e field using channel sounding techniques.
• Small scale fading behaves quite differently for two signals with
different bandwidths in the identical multipath channel.
• Let p(t) be a repetitive baseband pulse train (probing signal) wit
h very narrow pulse width Tbb & repetitive period TREP.
• Tbb is smaller than the delays between multipath components in
the channel.
• It is seen that the total received power is simply related the sum
of the powers in the individual multipath components, & is scale
d by the ratio of the probing pulse’s width & amplitude, & the m
aximum observed excess delay of the channel.
Relationship between Bandwidth & Rec
eived Power
• If a transmitted signal is able to resolve the multipaths, then the
average small-scale received power is simply the sum of the av
erage powers received in each multipath component.
• In practice, the amplitudes of the individual multipath componen
ts do not fluctuate widely in a local area. Thus, the received po
wer of a wideband signal such as p(t) does not fluctuate signific
antly when a receiver is moved about a local area.
• The average power for a continuous wave signal is equivalent t
o the average received power for a wideband signal in a small-s
cale region.
• Thus, the received local ensemble average power of wideband
& narrowband signals are equivalent.
Measured Impulse Responses
Small Scale Multipath Measurements
Transmittivity
Parameters of Mobile Mulitipath Channels
• Power delay profiles are generally represented as plots of relati
ve received power as a function of excess delay with respect to
a fixed time delay reference.