APPLICATION OF EXTRA

OVER ITEM IN BILL OF

QUANTITIES
BY : MOHAMAD AMIR ASYRAF BIN KAMAL
MIHAD
INTRODUCTION
• One sector that is considered important in contributing to the growth of
economy in Malaysia is the construction industry. Because of this we
need to standardized the system of documentation and information to
ensure the prosper of this industry (Bandi and Abdullah, 2012).

• However, the nature of this industry is that it is operated by separate

organization thus becoming the reason for the need of standardization
in order to ensure that we are working at full efficiency (Akbar,
Mohammad, Ahmad, et al., 2015).
INTRODUCTION(Cont’d)
• The Standard Method of Measurement for building works (SMM2)
and Malaysian Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement
(MyCESMM) are being used as the standard to prepare Bill of
Quantities for construction works in Malaysia (Akbar, Mohammad,
Maisyam, et al., 2015).

• Based on (Extra over (EO) - Designing Buildings Wiki, 2018), Extra

Over is the term that is used for items that already measured to a
certain extent but not at its full price of its labors and materials.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
• Akbar, Mohammad, Maisyam, et al. (2015) also stated that there are
studies that shown there are still parties in the industry that are still
referring to other SMMs and even make their own SMM for preparing
Bill of Quantities.
• This includes the application of Extra Over item.
• Wrong interpretation in the meaning of Extra Over item (A and J Rogers v
Northern Ireland Housing Executive, 1998).
• Unstandardized application of Extra Over item in BQ, (SMM/SMM2)
 Example : Formwork for wall exceeding 3.50m high
• Pricing
RESEARCH AIM
To identify the differences between the theory and practices of extra over
item in bill of quantities.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. Is there are any inconsistencies between the theories and practices of
extra over item in bill of quantities?

2. What are reasons for the inconsistencies that occur between the
theories and practices of extra over item in bill of quantities?
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
1. To identify if there are any inconsistencies in the application of extra
over item in bill of quantities.

2. To identify the reasons for the inconsistencies that occur in the

application of extra over item in bill of quantities.
SCOPE OF RESEARCH
• This research concerns on the usage of Extra Over item in the Bill of
Quantities and how this item actually applied on site. For this research
the item that will be focused in the Bill of Quantities is only the Extra
Over item.
• Respondents that I need are mainly from key players in the industry
which is quantity surveyors and contractors all around Malaysia.

LIMITATION
• Lack resources of literature and past research.
• Finding respondent who would be willing to hold an interview.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
• Identifying Problems
• Comes up with aim,
objectives and • Thematic Analysis
question
• Literature Review
Data Data Analysis
Collection Report
Topic
Writing
• Qualitative
• Tools : Interview • Full 5 chapters of the
report
• Sampling Method :
Stratified Sampling /
Simple Random
Sampling
LITERATURE REVIEW
Definition Extra over (EO) - Designing Buildings Wiki, 2018

Standardization of BQ Akbar, Mohammad, Ahmad, et al., 2015 (SMM2 and MyCESMM supposed to be a compulsory
guidance in preparing a Bill of Quantities )

Perumal and Bakar (2011) (To ensure conformity) (By using the same standard, the process and
systems would be much easier to understand and can increase the productivity and efficiency of
the work itself )

Adnan et al., 2011 (allow for a better bidding, documentation and price control)
Problem A and J Rogers v Northern Ireland Housing Executive, 1998 (Meaning of Extra Over)
Akbar, Mohammad, Maisyam, et al., 2015 (not referring to SMM2 in preparing BQ)
Akbar, Mohammad, Ahmad, et al., 2015 (old issue but still exist to this day)

SMM
Different application of Extra Over
SMM2
Hanafiah, H. (2011) (tabulation of differences SMM and SMM2)
SMM2 Singapore
SMM Hong Kong 2001 Edition
CONCLUSION
• There is still lacks of understanding on what Extra Over item
actually is.
• The way to utilized and applying Extra Over item in BQ to actual
work.
• If everyone is actually using the same standard, the process and
systems would be much easier to understand and can increase the
productivity and efficiency of the work itself (Perumal and Bakar,
2011).
• Is the use of Extra Over Item relevant?