Index Laws

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25/11/2019 Index laws GRADE
2
L.O. To be able to
 Simplify expressions involving multiplication and division of terms
 Simplify expressions involving brackets raised to a power
Key Words
index, power, multiply, divide, product, brackets,
Starter
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CONTENTS – Click to go to…

MULTIPLYING DIVIDING
BRACKETS FRACTIONAL AND NEGATIVE

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MULTIPLYING
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Simplify:
x + x + x + x + x= 5x
x to the power of 5
Simplify:
x × x × x × x × x = x5
x5 as been written using index notation.
The number n is called
the index or power.
xn
The number x is called the base.
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We can use index notation to simplify expressions.
For example,
3p × 2p = 3 × p × 2 × p = 6p2
q2 × q3 = q × q × q × q × q = q5
3r × r2 = 3 × r × r × r = 3r3
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When we multiply two terms with the same base the

indices are added.
For example,
a4 × a2 = (a × a × a × a) × (a × a)
=a×a×a×a×a×a
= a6 = a (4 + 2)
In general,
xm × xn = x(m + n)
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2 5
a ×a = a×a×a×a×a×a×a
2+5
=a What
Add about but
the powers
7 these ? the
MULTIPLY
=a ‘numbers’.
2 5
3a × 4a = 3×a×a×4×a×a×a×a×a
2+5
= 12a
7
= 12a
m n m+n
a ×a = a
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3 2
4a × 2a b =4×a×a×a×2×a×a×b
3+2
= 8a b
5
= 8a b
3 2
5a b × 3ab c =5×a×a×a×b×3×a×b×b×c
3+1 1+2
= 15a b c
4 3
= 15a b c
m n m+n
a ×a = a
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MULTIPLYING terms
 Treat any “normal numbers” as normal – MULTIPLY THEM
 Treat any “powers” using index laws – ADD THEM
 Remember – if it looks like there is no power there, it’s an
invisible 1
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Examples
(a) 6 × 3x = 18x (g) 3a × 3a2 = 9a3

(b) 5y × 4 = 20y (h) 5p × 2p × p = 10p3
(c) 3x × 2x = 6x2 (i) 4y2 × 3y = 12y3
(d) x × x2 = x3 (j) -2 × 3x2 = -6x2
(e) 2a × 3b = 6ab (k) -5a × 3a = -15a2
(f) xy × 3y = 3y2x (l) -4x2y × xy2 = - 4x3y3
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Simplify
1) 𝑎 × 𝑎 a2 2) 2ℎ2 × 3ℎ3 6h5
3) 4w × 3w 12w2 4) 2𝑎𝑥2 × 3𝑎𝑥 6a2x3
5) 𝑎𝑏 × 5𝑎2𝑏3 5a3b4 6) 𝑎𝑏𝑐 × 𝑎𝑏𝑐 a2b2c2
7) 𝑎𝑏 × 𝑎𝑐 × 𝑎𝑑a3bcd 8) 𝑎 × 3𝑎 × 2𝑎𝑏 6a3b
0 .5 0 .5 0 .5 1 .5
9) 𝑚 × 𝑚 m 10) 2𝑡 × 4𝑡 8t2
1Τ 5Τ 36a4b2c
11) 3𝑎 2 × 4𝑎 2 𝑏 × 𝑎𝑏𝑐 × 3
1Τ −1Τ2 1
12) ℎ0 × 𝑚0 ×𝑛 2 ×𝑛
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Task – Simplify each expression as much as possible
(a) 6 x 8p = 48p (g) m x 3m2 = 3m3

(b) 5m x 3 = 15m (h) 3a x 2b2 x c = 6ab2c
(c) 2x x 7x = 14x2 (i) y2 x 7y = 7y3
(d) x2 x 2x = 2x3 (j) 4 x -3x2 = -12x2
(e) 4p x 3q = 12pq (k) -3a2 x 3a = -9a3
(f) 3xy x 2x = 6x2y (l) -2p2 x pq2 = - 2p3q2
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Try the questions on the worksheet
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DIVIDING
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Remember, in algebra we do not usually use the
division sign, ÷.
Instead, we write the number or term we are dividing

by underneath like a fraction.
For example,
(a + b) ÷ c is written as a+b
c
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As with fractions, we can often simplify expressions by

cancelling.
For example,
n 3 6p 2
n3 ÷ n 2 = 2 6p2 ÷ 3p =
n 3p
1 1 2 1
n×n×n 6×p×p
= =
n1× n1 31× p1
=n = 2p
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When we divide two terms with the same base the

indices are subtracted.
For example,
a×a×a×a×a
a5 ÷ a2 = = a × a × a = a3 = a (5 – 2)
a×a
2
4×p×p×p×p×p×p
4p6 ÷ 2p4 = = 2 × p × p = 2p2= 2p(6 – 4)
2×p×p×p×p
In general,
xm ÷ xn = x(m – n)
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Task - Simplify
5
43 3
43
15 p 15 p 3p 3
1  5p 3
4 
1
3p 1 210 p1 2
3 3
42 42
2 18 p 5 18 p 3p 2
 3p 2 
1
6 p 2
1 12
2
p 2
1 2
4
4
54 54
3 24m 6 24m 4m 4
 4m 4 
1 6m 1 318m 1 3
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Examples
a6 ÷ a2 = a4
1 must1 subtract
z ÷z =z
Clearly you 0 the
But this is pointless !
powers but DIVIDE the
8a6 ÷ 2a2 = 4 a4 numbers !
= 1
10w5y3 ÷ 5w2y 1 = 2w3y2
16a3b2 = 8a2b 20h3y2z = 5h2y × 1
2ab 4hyz
m n m-n
a ÷ a = a
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DIVIDING terms
 Treat any “normal numbers” as normal – DIVIDE THEM
 Treat any “powers” using index laws – SUBTRACT THEM
 Remember – if it looks like there is no power there, it’s an
invisible 1
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Task - Simplify
1) a7 ÷ a4 a3 2) 9a4 ÷ 3a 3a3
3) 12w3y2 ÷ 6wy 2w2y 4) 20h3x ÷ 4h2x 5h
5) 16a4b3c ÷ a2b316a2c 6) 25x2y ÷ 5x35x

y -1 or 5/x
7) a3b2 a2b 8) 12x3y 3xy
ab 4x2
9) 14wh3 2h 10) 18a3b2c3 2a2c-1 or 2a2/c
7wh2 9ab2c4
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BRACKETS
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Sometimes terms can be raised to a power and the result

raised to another power.
For example,
(y3)2 = y3 × y3 (pq2)4 = pq2 × pq2 × pq2 × pq2
= (y × y × y) × (y × y × y) = p4 × q (2 + 2 + 2 + 2)
= y6 = p4 × q8
= p4q8
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When a term is raised to a power and the result raised

to another power, the powers are multiplied.
For example,
(a5)3 = a5 × a5 × a5
= a(5 + 5 + 5)
= a15 = a(3 × 5)
In general,
(xm)n = xmn
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( a2 )3 = a6 So you square, cube etc..

the ‘numbers’ but you
MULTIPLY THE POWERS !
( a × a )3
a × a × a × a × a × a = a6
m n mn
( 5a4 )2 = 25a8 (a ) = a
m n n mn
(5×a×a×a×a )2 ( ba ) = b a
5×a×a×a×a×5×a×a×a×a = 25a8
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Examples
( a4 )3 = a12
( 4w3 )2 = 16w6
2 1 3
( 5a b ) = 125a6b3
( 3x3y4 )2 = 9x6y8
m n mn
(a ) = a
m n n mn
( ba ) = b a
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Basic index laws - SUMMARY
Here is a summary of the index laws you have met so far:
xm × xn = x(m + n)
xm ÷ xn = x(m – n)
(xm)n = xmn
x1 = x
x0 = 1 (for x ≠ 0)
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Task – Re-write the following without brackets
1) (2a2)3 = 8a6 2) (m3n)4 = m12n4
3) (t–4)2 = t–8 4) (3g5)3 = 27g15
5) (ab–2)–2 = a–2b4 6) (p2q–5)–1 = p–2q5
7) (h½)2 = h 8) (7a4b–3)0 = 1
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Task – Re-write these expressions without any brackets
1) ( a 2 )5 a10 2) ( 3x )2 9x2
3) ( 5y2 )3 125y6 4) ( 2a2b )4 16a8b4
5) ( 3x2y3 )2 9x4y6 6) ( 4a0b)2 16b2
7) ( a-2 )3 a-6 or 1/a6 8) ( x-1y-2 )-3 x3y6

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Exam style question
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Task - Simplify
1 y2 x y3 y5
2 2y2 x 3y4 6y6 Raise the number to
3 5p2 x 3p3 x 2p 30p6 the given power and
multiply the indices.
4 8k3 x 2k-4 x 3k2 48k
5 ab2 x a2b3 x a2b4 a5b9
6 2a3b2 x 3ab4 x 2a2b2 12a6b8
7 (2pq2)2 = 2pq2 x 2pq2 = 4p2q4
8 (3a2b3)2 = 3a2b3 x 3a2b3 = 9a4b6
9 (5m2n3)2 = 5m2n3 x 5m2n3 = 25m4n6
10 (2pq2)3 = 2pq2 x 2pq2 x 2pq2 = 8p3q6
11 (3a2b3)4 = 81a8b12
12 (2m2n3)5 = 32m10n15
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Task – Colour by numbers. Simplify each section and choose the correct colour.
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FRACTIONAL AND
NEGATIVE INDICES
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Complex index laws - SUMMARY
Here is a summary of the index laws for fractional and negative indices:
1 The reciprocal of x is 1
x–1 = x x
–n
1 The reciprocal of xn
1
is n
x = xn x
x = x
1
2
n
x = x
1
n
n n
x = xm or (x)m
m
n
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Examples
-1 -1
2a means 2a
-1 -1
1
( 2a ) means ( 2a )
-2 -2
3a means 3a
-2 -2
( 3a ) means ( 3a1 ) or 1
2
9a
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Task – Evaluate the following
-3 -1 -3
1) 2 1/8 2) 3 1/3 3) 3 1/27
-2 0 -4
4) 5 1/25 5) 5 1 6) 10 1/10000
If a = 2, b = 3, c = 4 evaluate the following :

( Leave your answers as fractions in their simplest form )
-4 -2 0
7) a 1/16 8) b 1/9 9) c 1
-2 -2 -1
10) ab 2/9 11) ( 2ab ) 1/144 12) abc 1 1/2
-1 -1 -2
13) ( abc ) 1/24 14) 6 ( bc ) 1/2 15) a ( bc ) 1/72
-b -a -2a
16) a 1/8 17) cb 4/9 18) ( 2a ) 1/256
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Example
power
b
a = a 2
c c
b Combinations
The cube
root of root
rootsofand
powers
is 2 and
8
can be
written
then 2using
a fractional
squared
8 = 8
3 2 3 index.
is 4.
= 4
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Task – Evaluate the following if a = 2, b = 3 and c = 4
1) ba 9 2) c-a 1/16 3) ab × ac 128
b
a -b
4) (ab)a 36 5) c 8 6) b 1/27
-1
a 2c
7) 36 1/6 8) b 81 9) ( bc )-1 1/12
c
b
10) ca-1 2 11) 9b-a 1 12) b2a - c 1

Index Laws

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MATHSWATCH CLIP

CONTENTS – Click to go to…

BRACKETS FRACTIONAL AND NEGATIVE

We can use index notation to simplify expressions.

When we multiply two terms with the same base the

(a) 6 × 3x = 18x (g) 3a × 3a2 = 9a3

3) 4w × 3w 12w2 4) 2𝑎𝑥2 × 3𝑎𝑥 6a2x3

5) 𝑎𝑏 × 5𝑎2𝑏3 5a3b4 6) 𝑎𝑏𝑐 × 𝑎𝑏𝑐 a2b2c2

7) 𝑎𝑏 × 𝑎𝑐 × 𝑎𝑑a3bcd 8) 𝑎 × 3𝑎 × 2𝑎𝑏 6a3b

(a) 6 x 8p = 48p (g) m x 3m2 = 3m3

Instead, we write the number or term we are dividing

As with fractions, we can often simplify expressions by

When we divide two terms with the same base the

3) 12w3y2 ÷ 6wy 2w2y 4) 20h3x ÷ 4h2x 5h

5) 16a4b3c ÷ a2b316a2c 6) 25x2y ÷ 5x35x

Sometimes terms can be raised to a power and the result

(y3)2 = y3 × y3 (pq2)4 = pq2 × pq2 × pq2 × pq2

When a term is raised to a power and the result raised

( a2 )3 = a6 So you square, cube etc..

1) (2a2)3 = 8a6 2) (m3n)4 = m12n4

3) (t–4)2 = t–8 4) (3g5)3 = 27g15

5) (ab–2)–2 = a–2b4 6) (p2q–5)–1 = p–2q5

3) ( 5y2 )3 125y6 4) ( 2a2b )4 16a8b4

5) ( 3x2y3 )2 9x4y6 6) ( 4a0b)2 16b2

7) ( a-2 )3 a-6 or 1/a6 8) ( x-1y-2 )-3 x3y6

If a = 2, b = 3, c = 4 evaluate the following :

1) ba 9 2) c-a 1/16 3) ab × ac 128

10) ca-1 2 11) 9b-a 1 12) b2a - c 1

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