Geology Unit Part III/V For Educators - Download Unit and Powerpoint at Www. Science Powerpoint

Part III/V
The Geology Topics Unit

This is Part III / V of
The Geology Topics Unit.
Download the Powerpoint version of this
video, unit notes, assessments, lab
handouts, review games, videos, and
much more at
www.sciencepowerpoint.com
 New Area of Focus: Faults and Folds.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Movement of tectonic plates against each
other cause the plates to fault and fold.






 Fault: Break / crack where movement
occurs.

How large is this Fault?
Small!
Small!
Geologist provide a size
reference when they
photograph.
• Activity! Learning about a fault.



– Each student should be given one Hershey’s
Miniatures. (Mr. Goodbar has peanuts ).

– Draw a before picture.

– Place thumbs under middle and bend
Hershey’s Slowly until it snaps.

– Draw an after picture and label the fault.

– Draw an after picture and label the fault.

• Answer! The Hershey’s Miniature should
have snapped creating a break or fault in
the chocolate.

 Fold:Collision of crust bends rock
layers.“Stress”

 Fold:Collision of crust bends rock
layers.“Stress”

• Activity! Creating a Fold.
–.



– Hold Hershey’s Miniature in hand for several
minutes. (Mr. Goodbar has peanuts ).


– Repeat process from before.

– Draw an after sketch.

– Draw an after sketch.

• Answer! The warm chocolate should have
folded because the heat made it more
malleable. Folds occur in this way as well.
 Normal Fault: Pulling apart tension causes
crust to drop down.

• Activity! Demonstrate a normal fault using
two foam pads.
 Reverse / Thrust Fault: Compression
forces cause crust to move up.

• Picture of fault on the planet Mercury.
• Picture of fault on the planet Mercury.
• Activity! Demonstrate a reverse of thrust
fault using two foam pads.
 Lateral or Strike Slip Fualt: Crust moves
alongside each other in opposite
directions.

• Oblique strike slip
• San-Andreas Fault in California.
• Activity! Demonstrate a lateral of strike-slip
using two foam pads.
• Name the type of fault.
Normal
Fault
Normal
Fault
Reverse
or Thrust
Fault
Normal
Fault
Reverse
or Thrust
Fault
Strike Slip
or Lateral
Fault
 Types of Folds
-
-
-

• Activity! Making folds.
– Flatten out layers of different colored clay and
lay them on top of each other.
– Compress clay together from either end.
– Draw your compression fold in your journal.
– Draw your compression fold in your journal.
 Compression.
-
-

 Anticline: 

 Syncline: 

• What type of face should we draw?

• Answer! Syncline.
Syncline

• What type of face should we draw?

• Answer! Anticline.
Anticline

• Is this a anticline or syncline?

• Answer! Syncline.

• What is this a picture of?

• Answer! Syncline Fold.

• What is this a picture of?

• Answer! One massive anticline fold.

• Activity! Learning about tension.

• Activity! Learning about tension.

• Activity! Learning about tension with gum.
– Chew a piece of gum for a bit.

– Slowly stretch gum apart with your hands.

– Draw picture in journal.


 Tension.

 Shearing.

• Activity! Learning about shearing with
gum.
– Slowly stretch gum up and down with your
hands.

• Quiz Wiz 1-10. Name that fault or fold.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
• Bonus Question!
“What toy am I”
• Answers! Quiz Wiz 1-10. Name that fault
or fold.

1
1 Normal
Fault
2
2 Reverse or
Thrust Fault
3
3 Lateral or
Strike Slip
Fault
4
4
Compression
Fold
4
4
“I’m a Syncline!”
5
5 Lateral or
Strike Slip
Fault
6
6
Compression
Fold
6 Synclines and Anticlines
7
7 Reverse
Fault or
Thrust Fault
8
8
9
9 Reverse
Fualt or
Thrust Fualt
10
10 Lateral or
Strike Slip Fault
• Bonus Question!
“What toy am I”
• Answer! Glo Worm.
 New Area of Focus: Earthquakes

• Have you ever felt an earthquake?
– When, where, how large was it?

 Earthquake: Shaking of the earth’s crust
from a sudden release of energy.

• In an earthquake, body waves move
through the inner part of the earth, while
surface waves travel over the surface.

• Review! P Wave: Primary wave. Moves
lateral. Arrives first and causes less
damage.

• S Wave: Secondary waves. Stronger and
move back and fourth. Arrives second and
causes more damage.

• Which one of the waves below arrives
first?

• Answer! Primary Waves (Lateral)

• Which wave causes the most damage?

• Answer! Secondary Wave (S-wave).

• Activity! Releasing our anger in a non-
violent way.
– Slowly bend a toothpick until it breaks.

• Question!
– When did the earthquake occur?
– What caused the earthquake?

• Note: When energy forces (tension) are to
high, the crust slips violently and causes
earthquakes.

• Note: When energy forces (tension) are to
high, the crust slips violently and causes
earthquakes.

Earthquake
Drill
• “Drop, Cover,
and Hold on.”
Drill will last
30 seconds.
Loud Music!

 An earthquake is plate movement that
happens very quickly instead of slowly.
(Tremendous energy.)

• San-Francisco 1906 and 1989
• Earthquake happened in the middle of
1989 World Series between A’s and
Giants.

• Haiti Earthquake
 Seismograph: An instrument used to
measure the shaking caused by an
earthquake.

• Activity! Making a seismograph.

– Need person in rolling chair.

– String.

– String.
– Weight on end of string.

– String.
– Pen tied to weight.

– String.
– Paper that two students move.

– String.
– Paper that two students move.

• The seismograph uses a counterweight
system, pen, and moving piece of paper.

• Activity! Creating a mini earthquake.

– Patter feet and hands on desk quietly as small
vibrations are recorded.

– Increase the magnitude of the noise when the
magnitude of the lines increase.

– Stop at end, repeat one more time.

– Stop at end, repeat one more time.

 Ritchter Scale - Scale for measuring
earthquake magnitude.
A magnitude 7.0 earthquake generates 10
times larger amplitude waves than those of a
magnitude 6.0.

 Ritchter Scale - Scale for measuring
earthquake magnitude.
A magnitude 7.0 earthquake generates 10
times larger amplitude waves than those of a
magnitude 6.0.

• Top 10 Largest earthquakes in the world
since 1900.
• #10) 1957 Andreanof Islands, Alaska
Magnitude 8.6

• #9) 1950 Assam - Tibet
• Magnitude 8.6

• #8) 2005 Northern Sumatra, Indonesia
• Magnitude 8.6

“Hoot”
“Hoot”
“Did
Anybody
See Me?”

• “Hoot” “Hoot” “Sure hope everyone is
okay?”

• #7) 1965 Rat Islands, Alaska
• Magnitude 8.7

• #6) 1906 Off the Coast of Ecuador
• Magnitude 8.8

• #5) 2010 Offshore of Chile
• Magnitude 8.8

• #4) 1952 Kamchatka
• Magnitude 9.0

• #3) 2004 Off the coast of Northern
Sumatra,
• Magnitude 9.1

• #2) 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska
• Magnitude 9.2

• #1) Chile 1960
• Magnitude 9.5

 Epicenter: The point on the Earth's surface
that is directly above the hypocenter or
focus.
 Just above the earthquake.

 Epicenter: The point on the Earth's surface
that is directly above the hypocenter or
focus.
 Area above the earthquake.

• Activity – Finding the Epicenter

Make and triangle that is……
• Station P-S gap Distance Measure
• A 3 min ~380 miles 3.8 inch

• B 4 min ~540 miles 5.4 inch
• C 5 min ~680 miles 6.8 inch

• Do earthquakes kill people?

• Answer! Earthquakes don’t generally kill
people, poorly built buildings do.

• The type of soil a building is on, and the
design / construction of the building has a
lot to do with how well the building will fare
in an earthquake.

• Liquefaction: A process where sand or
landfill will often change from a wet solid
into a dense liquid, which further amplifies
shaking.

• Building on loose sand and poorly packed
fill material increases the intensity of the
an earthquake.
– Building on solid bedrock is better.

• Many of our large cities have large areas
that are built on sand and fill. 

• Which area experienced liquefaction
based on the seismic waves?
B
A
• Answer! Area A because the seismic
waves where more severe.
B
A
• What is this?
• Answer! This is a picture of a giant
counterweight that help’s limit the shaking
of a large building.

• Earthquake proof buildings can also be
built on devices that allow the ground to
move without destroying the building.

• Which building will most likely not topple if
the dark colored block represents the
heaviest and most dense section? Why?
B c
A

• Answer! Letter C because the weight /
center of gravity is on the bottom.
B c
A

• Activity! Smart Design. Building a structure
that can survive an earthquake.

– Create a structurally sound building using the
blocks on a tray.

blocks on a tray.
– Place building in the earthquake tray.

blocks on a tray.
– Record what happens in your journal.

blocks on a tray.
– Recreate building and try again using a
devices to dissipate the vibrations or a
counterweight system.

blocks on a tray.

blocks on a tray.

blocks on a tray.

• Questions!
– Did your building work better the second time.
– What type of design did you use?

• Tsunami and Earthquakes

• Review: How are Tsunami’s and
earthquakes related?

 Tsunami: An ocean wave generated by a
submarine earthquake, volcano or
landslide.
 Tsunami’s can travel across whole oceans.

 Tsunami: An ocean wave generated by a
submarine earthquake, volcano or
landslide.
 Tsunami’s can travel across whole oceans.

• Animation showing the 2004 Indonesian
Tsunami traveling across the Indian
Ocean.
• Cheesy animation of how a volcanic
eruption can cause a tsunami.
• What is wrong with calling a Tsunami a
tidal wave?
• Answer! A tidal wave is misnamed
because it does not have to with tides.
Tides are caused by the gravity of the
moon and sun, not from tectonic forces.

• An underwater landslide can also displace
large amounts of water and cause a
tsunami.

• LaPalma in the Canary Islands: A possible
Tsunami threat to the East Coast of the
U.S. (Landslide on Island).

 New Area of Focus: Rocks

 New Area of Focus: Rocks and Minerals

 New Area of Focus: Rocks and Minerals

 Rock: A mass or grouping of minerals.

• Rocks can be big.
How big is this rock?

How big is this rock?

• Rocks can be little
• Used in buildings.
• Rocks are inorganic (non-living)
 Minerals are natural inorganic (non-living)
solids that join together (crystals) to make
unique compositions.

• Minerals form from…


• Cooling Magma

• Cooling Magma

• Cooling Magma
• Minerals dissolved in liquid (liquid
evaporates and the atoms left behind
form crystals)

• Cooling Magma
• Minerals dissolved in liquid (liquid
evaporates and the atoms left behind
form crystals)

• Activity! Making Crystals!
• Activity! Growing Crystals Demonstration.
– Add salt to boiling hot water until no more will
dissolve.
– Soak a piece of cardboard in the salt solution,
then set it in a sunny, dry spot to dry.
– The next day, using a stereoscope, draw the
crystals that you see.

• A crystal is a solid in which the atoms are
arranged in a repeating pattern.

• A crystal is a solid in which the atoms are
arranged in a repeating pattern.

• Water can form a crystal structure when
the atoms arrange themselves.
• Structure of a Diamond
• Video! The Deadly Crystal Cave.
• Do crystals have magic powers?

• Answer! No!

• Activity! Stare into this “magic” crystal, does it
make you feel more powerful or dizzy.

• Quiz Wiz 1-10. (Oral / Hand signals) Is it a
rock, mineral, or neither? 1-10

• Review!

• Review!
– Rock: A grouping of minerals

• Review!

• Review!
– Mineral: Minerals are natural inorganic (non-
living) solids that join together (crystals) to
make unique compositions.

• Review!

• Review!
– Neither: Not either; not one or the other.

• Review!

• Review!

• Review!

• Review!

• Review!

1
1 Rock
2
2 Mineral
3
3 Rock
4
4 Neither
5
5 Mineral
6 Not Pretzel
6 Mineral
(Salt)
• Table Salt (NaCl) under electron
microscope on pretzel is a mineral.
7
7 Mineral
8
8 Rock
9
9 Mineral
10
10 Mineral
• #11 Bonus:
“Who am I?”
“Any of my
names
count.”
• #11 Answer: “I am The Rock.”
“My real name is
Dwayne
Johnson.”
“My real name is
Dwayne
Johnson.”
“My real name is
Dwayne
Johnson.”
• #11 Answer:
• #11 Answer:
• #11 Answer:
• #11 Answer:
• #11 Answer:
• #11 Answer:
• #11 Answer:
• #11 Answer:
• #11 Answer:
• #11 Answer:
• #11 Answer:
• #11 Answer:
End Part III / V of
much more at
End Part III / V of
much more at
End Part III / V of
much more at
• More Units Available at…
Earth Science: The Soil Science and Glaciers Unit, The Geology Topics
Unit, The Astronomy Topics Unit, The Weather and Climate Unit, and
The River Unit, The Water Molecule Unit.
Physical Science: The Laws of Motion and Machines Unit, The Atoms
and Periodic Table Unit, The Energy and the Environment Unit, and The
Introduction to Science / Metric Unit.
Life Science: The Diseases and Cells Unit, The DNA and Genetics Unit,
The Life Topics Unit, The Plant Unit, The Taxonomy and Classification
Unit, Ecology: Feeding Levels Unit, Ecology: Interactions Unit, Ecology:
Abiotic Factors, The Evolution and Natural Selection Unit and coming
soon The Anatomy and Physiology Unit.



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Part III/V

The Geology Topics Unit

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy