Composting

Manthan kirdat - Roll no 4

Akash Labade – Roll no 8
 Introduction
 Composting is nothing
but the process of
decomposting of
organic matter of waste
material.
 Composting is the
process while compost
is the product.
 It is rich in nutrients and
minerals. It is used for
gardening,
landscaping, organic
farming and etc.
Method of Composting
 At the simplest level, the process of
composting requires making heap of
organic matter and waiting it to break
down into humus.
 However composting has a lot a steps.
 Initially the waste is collected and
shredded to speed up the process. Then it
is put into composting pits for composting.
 Initial decomposition is carried out by mesophilic
micro organisms, which rapidly break down the
soluble, readily degradable compounds.
 As the temperature rises above 40 degrees, the
mesophilic process is replaced by thermophilic
process.
 As temperatures go above 55 degree,
microorganisms and plant pathogens are
destroyed.
 During the thermophilic process, high temperature
cause breakdown of proteins , fats, carbohydrates
and etc.
 Temperature gradually decreases and mesophillic
organism once again take over for the final phase
of curing or maturation of the remaining organic
matter.
Different methods of
composting in India
 INDORE METHOD – This was developed by A Howard
and Y.D Wad at the institute of plant industry, indore.

 BANGLORE METHOD- This method was worked out by

L.N Acharya at Indian Institue o Science, Banglore.

 NADEP METHOD – Demonstration of this method at

large scale was initiated by J.N Krishi Vidyalaya,
Indore.

 COIMBATORE METHOD – Introduced by Manickam in

1967.
Composting
technologies
 Industrial-scale-Industrial-scale composting can be carried out in the form
of in-vessel composting, aerated static pile composting, vermicomposting,
or windrow composting.

 Vermicomposting - Vermicompost is the product or process of organic

material degradation using various species of worms, usually red
wigglers, white worms, and earthworms, to create a heterogeneous mixture of
decomposing vegetable or food waste

 Black soldier fly larvae are able to rapidly consume large amounts of organic
material when kept at around 30 °C . The compost formed can be later used
as ussual.

 Bokashi - Bokashi is not composting as defined earlier, rather an alternative

technology. It ferments (rather than decomposes) the input organic matter .

 Composting toilets - A composting toilet collects human excreta. These are

added to a compost heap that can be located in a chamber below the toilet
seat. Sawdust and straw or other carbon rich materials are usually added as
well.
Composting toilets
 A composting toilet is a type of dry toilet that treats human
excreta by a biological process called composting. This
process leads to the decomposition of organic matter and
turns human excreta into compost-like material but does not
destroy all pathogens.
 Most composting toilets use no water for flushing and are
therefore called "dry toilets".
 Composting toilets, together with the secondary composting
step, produce a humus-like endproduct that can be used to
enrich soil if local regulations allow this. Some composting
toilets have urine diversion systems in the toilet bowl to collect
the urine separately and control excess moisture.
 Composting toilets do not require a connection to septic
tanks or sewer systems unlike flush toilets
Construction
 A composting toilet consists of two elements: a place to sit
or squat and a collection/composting unit.
 The composting unit consists of –
 storage or composting chamber
 a ventilation unit to ensure that the degradation process in
the toilet is predominantly aerobic and to vent odorous
gases
 a leachate collection or urine diversion system to remove
excess liquid
 an access door for extracting the compost
 Many composting toilets collect urine in the same chamber
as feces, thus they do not divert urine. Adding small
amounts of water that is used for anal cleansing is no
problem for the composting toilet to handle.