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• Candida species are the most common cause of infection in patients icu,
accounting for 85% of all documented mycosis :
o C. albicans is responsible for approximately 45- 58%
o C. non albicans ( C. krusei and C. glabrata ) has emerged and
increase to about 44%
• Fungi are the fourth leading pathogen in nosocomial infections in the USA
THE PROBLEM
Mortality
Bacterial severe sepsis/septic shock 30-50%
Fungal severe sepsis/septic shock 60%+
Dobbs.Bali Meeting 2004
Voriconazole vs Amphotericin-Fluconazole
Voriconazole Amphotericin P value
(N+248) B/Flu (N=122)
25% 21%
6% Europe (n=302)
1% 5% C. albicans
7%
C. glabrata
58% C. parapsilosis
19%
C. tropicalis
C. krusei
Other Candida spp.
10%
*Clinical isolates were obtained from patients with bloodstream infections, and species
identification was done in vitro; **N-values refer to the number of Candida isolates.
Pfaller MA et al. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:3254-3259.
Incidence of Invasive Disease (US)
30
25
Incidence per 100,000 patients
20
15 Candida
Aspergillus
10
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Fusarium - + +
Zygomycetes - - +
Cryptococcus + + +
Candida + + +
Note: GM, galactomanan; BG, beta 1,3 glucan; PCR, polymerase chain reaction
Pamela Lipsett, SCCM,Honolulu,2008
The Question : why critically ill patients always at risk!!
i) Proven :
(a) positive blood culture
or (b) positive culture or histology from a
normally sterile body site or tissue obtained
using a sterile procedure;
• (ii) Probable :
fungal colonization and (a) Candida found in the
urine and/or in BAL (if direct microscopy
revealed yeast) and/or (b) response to antifungal
treatment;
• (iii) Possible :
colonization without fulfilling the criteria above;
• (iv) Unlikely:
no fungal colonization.
The Rules for Identifying high risk ICU patients are as
follow :
ICU stay greater than or equal to 4 days
Major risk factors : broad spectrum antibiotics / central venous catheter
Minor risk factors :TPN/dialysis/major surgery/ pancreatitis/ steroid/
immunocompetent
35
Hospital mortality (%)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
< 12 12–24 24–48 > 48
• Initiation of therapy > 12 h after the first positive blood sample was
associated with a greater risk of mortality than appropriate therapy given
within 12 h
Morrell M, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:3640–5
Inadequate Therapy Increased Mortality
in Patients with Bloodstream Infections
Bloodstream infection caused by Candida species was one of the risk
factors for inadequate treatment in ICU patients.
70
Hospital Mortality (%)
60 62%
50
p<0.001
40
30
28%
20
10
0
Inadequate Therapy Adequate Therapy
Ampho B Deoxycholate
Liposomal Ampho B (Ambisome)
Polyenes Ampho B Colloidal Dispersion
(ABCD)
Ampho B Lipid Complex (ABLC)
Itraconazole, Fluconazole,
Azole Voriconazole, Posatonazole,
Ravuconazole
Antimetabolit Flucytosine
e
Targets of antifungal therapy.
How Does One Choose ??
C lusitaniae S S S S S S-R
C. albicans S S S S S S
C.parapsilo S S S S S S-R
sis
A. fumigatus R S S S I-R S
-Hemodynamically unstable
-Septic / Neutropenia
-Recent Azole exposure
NO YES
Fluconazole Echinocandin
400 -800 mg/ day iv Micafungin: 100 mg/day iv
Note : ** Risk of C.glabrata infection: elderly, cancer and diabetes patients ; # Echinocandin
(endondocardial candidiasis), Amphotericin B (endocardial and CNS candidiasis) ; ## C.parapsilo
sis (Amphotericin B or Fluconazole susceptible)
Why should be Echinocandins ??
( micafungin = mycamine )
• fungicidal
• favorable safety profile
• very few drug interactions
• demonstrated success in ~ 75% of patients in several
randomized clinical trials
Echinocandins
• Caspofungin (Cancidas)
• Andulofungin (Eraxis)
• Micafungin (Mycamine)
Phase III trial micafungin vs. fluconazole for
prophylaxis: treatment success
80
Treatment success rate (%)
70
69.2
60
50 53.3
40
30
20
10
0
n= 39 45
Micafungin Fluconazole
Van Burik JA, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:1407–16
Phase III study micafungin vs. L-AmB: treatment
success by neutropenic status
100
80
74.1 76.3
69.6 71.2
60
59.4
56.0
40
20
0
n= 247 215 32 247 222 25
Micafungin L-AmB
Kuse ER, et al. Lancet 2007; 369:1519–27 Modified intent-to-treat (mITT) population
Phase III study micafungin vs. L-AmB: renal adverse
events
12.0
–5
Patients (%)
10
–10
5
4.9
–15
–19.1
0
n= 264 267 –20
Micafungin L-AmB p < 0.0001†
*Fisher’s exact test; †ANCOVA
1. Astellas Pharma Europe Ltd. Data on file, December 2005; 2. Kuse ER, et al. Lancet 2007; 369:1519–27
Fluconazole remains one of the treatment of Candida infections
BUT,
SO,
• Critically ill patients cumulate risk factors for systemic invasive Candiasis
thats why : early identified of high risk of invasive candiasis is essential