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12 12u
0.005 t1
Load induced by internal pressure:
0.005 t 2
NHoop = 4,800 lb./in., NAxial = 2,400 lb./in.
. 8
Physical challenge in this problem
• In a cylinder under internal pressure the stresses in the
hoop directions are twice those in the axial direction,
and so you could put fibers in both directions, but
twice as many in the hoop direction.
• However, fibers shrink much less than matrix at low
temperatures, so the fibers in hoop direction will not
allow the matrix of the axial fibers to shrink, causing it
to crack.
• We have to compromise by having fibers in
intermediate directions with less than 90-degrees
between fibers in different layers of laminate.
Summary of Deterministic Design
. 10
Top Hat problem
• If the 27o design was built with 26o because of
manufacturing reliability that would
– Increase the chance of failure due to hoop stress
– Increase the chance of failure due to axial stress
– Increase the chance of failure due to matrix
cracking
– All of the above.
Reliability-based Laminate Design
minimize h 4t1 t2 • 4 Design Variables
– 1, 2, t1, t2
such that
• 12 Normal Random Variables
P Pt – Tzero (CV = 0.03)
0.005 t1 – 1, 2 (CV = 0.035)
0.005 t 2 – E1, E2, G12, 12 (CV = 0.035)
– 1c, 1t (CV = 0.06)
Pt = 10-4 – 2c, 2t, 12u (CV = 0.09)
. 12
Structural & Multidisciplinary Optimization Group
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ARS
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Optimization
No No
Converge?
ti
i Yes
POF = p(θ1, θ2, t1, t2) Stop
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Approximation
Design variables 1 2 t1 (inch) t2 (inch)
Range 20 to 30 20 to 30 0.0125 to 0.03 0.0125 to 0.03
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Optimization
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• Reduce thickness
0.12 inch 0.10 inch 0.08 inch
(POF=1e-4)
Normal Truncate at –2.8 Truncate at -1.35
(26 out of 10,000) (90 out of 1,000)
[(25)6]S 0.57e-4 0.9e-4 1e-4
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Tradeoff Plot
1.0E+00
Nominal
1.0E-01 Quality control to -2 Sigma
10% increase in allowable
1.0E-02 10% reduction in variability
Failure Probability
All
1.0E-03
Series6
1.0E-04
1.0E-05
1.0E-06
1.0E-07
1.0E-08
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Thickness (inch)