Research Process

and Ethics
Practical Research I
Metamorphosis
 THE RESEARCH PROCESS
Generating ideas

Building a theoretical/conceptual framework

Research Design
Translation of research questions into research variables
Choosing appropriate sampling and data collection methods
Choosing appropriate analysis method
Deciding on a time frame and budget
Writing the research proposal

Management of the Research Process

Preparation
Funding issues
Ethical issues
Data management
People management

Evaluating and reporting the results

 Research Process

Impact Daily
assessment evaluation
EVALUATION PHASE
Writing of
Collect data Analyze data
report
IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
Write
Choose topic Review Lit What method? proposal

PLANNING PHASE
 Research Process
1. Select a general problem
2. Review the literature of the problem
3. Select a specific research problem,
question, or hypothesis.
4. Collect data.
5. Analyze and present or display data.
6. Interpret the findings and state
conclusions or generalizations regarding
the problem.
 Factors in Selecting a Research
Problem
1. Researcher’s area of interest
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator’s ability and training
 ETHICS IN RESEARCH
Ethics (or morals) - rules for distinguishing
between right and wrong, such as the Golden
Rule ("Do unto others as you would have them do
unto you")
- a code of professional conduct like
the Hippocratic Oath ("First of all, do no
harm")
- a religious creed like the Ten Commandments
("Thou Shalt not kill...")
- norms for conduct that distinguish between
acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
Ethical Considerations
 Voluntary participation - requires an
informed consent so that participants
are fully informed about the procedures
and risks involved in research and give
their consent to participate.
 Freedom from risk of harm -
researchers should not put participants
in a situation where they might be at risk
as a result of their participation (physical
and psychological)
Ethical Considerations
 Confidentiality - identifying information
will not be made available to anyone
who is not directly involved in the study
(principle of anonymity, guarantee of
privacy).
 Person's right to service - use of a no-
treatment control group -- a group of
participants who do not get the
treatment or program that is being
studied; rights to equal access to
services are being curtailed
 Ethical Principles
 Honesty
 Objectivity
 Integrity
 Carefulness
 Respect for Intellectual Property
 Confidentiality
 Responsible Publication
 Social Responsibility
 Animal Care
 Human Subjects Protection
 Unethical practices in conducting
research
• 1. Deceiving a respondent about the true
purpose of a study
• 2. Asking a respondent questions that
cause him or her extreme embarrassment;
guilt emotional turmoil by remaining him or
her of an unpleasant experience
• 3. Invading the privacy of a respondent
 Unethical practices in conducting
research

• 4. Studying the respondents or research

subjects without their knowledge
• 5. When analyzing the data—revealing
only part of the facts, presenting facts out
of context, falsifying findings or offering
misleading presentation such as lying with
statistics
Comprehension
Check
Ready or not...
We’ll start
 Modified True or False
• Write TRUE if the statement is
correct and change the
underlined word/s if the statement
is false or incorrect
 MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE
1. Research requires a systematic process
to be able to come up with a reliable
result.
2. Inquiry and research involve higher order
thinking skills.
3. Respondents information should be
confidential to people not involved in
reseach.
 MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE
4. Confidentiality involves the principle of
anonymity.
5. Planning phase involves writing of
report.
6. Inquiry can solve problem.
7. Not respecting intellectual property is
committing plagiarism.
 MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE
8. Researchers can study their respondents
or research subjects anytime.
9. Research increases stock of knowledge
to improve existing applications.
10. A researcher should insist for an
information even though the respondents
feel uncomfortable.
Arrange the process of research
in proper order (11-16)
• Review related literature
• Choose general topic
• Collect data
• Interpret data
• Devise specific problem, objectives or
hypotheses
• Analyze data
17 -20. Ethical considerations in writing a
research

Essay: (5pts)
Why is research said to be a pursuit for
trust?
 Modified True or False
• Write TRUE if the statement is
correct and change the
underlined word/s if the statement
is false or incorrect
1. Research and inquiry both requires
investigation.
2. Inquiry doesn’t involve higher order
thinking skills.
3. Research requires a systematic process
to be able to come up with a reliable
result.
4. Researchers can study their respondents
or research subjects anytime.
5. Respondents information should be
always available to everyone.
6. Research is a pursuit of happiness because
it looks for concrete and valid evidences to a
solution.
7. We can solve a problem by just being
inquisitive.
8. Researchers can observe the subjects first
before telling them the purpose of
observation.
9. Confidentiality involves the principle of
anonymity.
10. Not respecting intellectual property is
committing plagiarism
 Identification
• Identify what is asked
11-14 Characteristics of Research
15-20 Process involved in research
 Essay
• How is inquiry and research the same and,
at the same time, different?