Kuliah1.1 Matek 2017 (Fungsi Sinuoidal)

Review
• The sin function:
opposite
sin A =
hypotenuse
hypotenuse
opposite
A
Review
Review
 The cosine function.
adjacent
cos A =
hypotenuse
hypotenuse
A
adjacent
Review
Review
 The tangent function.
opposite
tan A =
adjacent
opposite
A
adjacent
Measuring Angles
• Negative angles have negative measure
• Multiple revolutions are allowed

Degrees, Minutes and Seconds
• One complete revolution = 3600
• One minute:
– One-sixtieth of a degree
– One minute is denoted 1'
– 1± = 60 '
• One second:
– One-sixtieth of a minute
– One second is denoted 1"
– 1' = 60"
Degrees, Minutes and Seconds
• Example. Convert to a decimal in degrees
Problem: 64035'27"
Answer:
• Example. Convert to the D0M'S" form
Problem: 73.5820
Answer:
Radians
• Central angle: An angle whose vertex is at
the center of a circle
– Central angles subtend an arc on the circle
Radians
• One radian is the measure of an angle which
subtends an arc with length equal to the
radius of the circle
Radians
IMPORTANT!
– Radians are dimensionless
– If an angle appears with no units, it must be
assumed to be in radians
Arc Length
• Theorem. [Arc Length]
For a circle of radius r, a central angle of µ radians
subtends an arc whose length s is
s = rµ
WARNING!
– The angle must be given in radians
Arc Length
• Example.
Problem: Find the length of the arc of a circle of
radius 5 centimeters subtended by a central angle
of 1.4 radians
Answer:
Radians vs Degrees
• 1 revolution = 2π radians = 360°
180° = π radians
• 1 radian = 180°/π
Radians vs. Degrees
• Example. Convert each angle in degrees to
radians and each angle in radians to degrees
(a) Problem: 450
Answer:
(b) Problem: 2700
Answer:
(c) Problem: 2 radians
Answer:
Radians vs. Degrees
• Measurements of common angles
Most Common Application:
r x y2 2
x  r cos  r
y  r sin 
y
θ
x
 y
  tan  
1
 x
An identity is an equation that is true
for all defined values of a variable.
We are going to use the identities that we have already established and
establish others to "prove" or verify other identities. Let's summarize the
basic identities we have.
RECIPROCAL IDENTITIES
1 1 1
sin x  cos x  tan x 
csc x sec x cot x
1 1 1
csc x  sec x  cot x 
sin x cos x tan x
QUOTIENT IDENTITIES
sin x cos x
tan x  cot x 
cos x sin x
sin x  cos x  1
2 2
Let’s look at the Fundamental Identity derived on page 445
Now to find the two more identities from this famous and oft used one.
2 2
Divide all terms by cos2x
cos2x cos2x cos2x

What trig function What trig function
is this squared? 1 is this squared?
tan x  1  sec x
2 2
2 2
Divide all terms by sin2x
sin2x sin2x sin2x These three are sometimes

called the Pythagorean
1 What trig function What trig function
is this squared? is this squared?
Identities since the
derivation of the
fundamental theorem used
1  cot x  csc x
2 2
the Pythagorean Theorem
1 1 1
sin x  cos x  tan x 
csc x sec x cot x
1 1 1
sin x cos x tan x
QUOTIENT IDENTITIES
sin x cos x
tan x  cot x 
cos x sin x
PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES
1  cot 2 x  csc 2 x
sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1 tan 2 x  1  sec 2 x
All of the identities we learned are found on the back page of your book.
You'll need to have these memorized or be able to derive them for this course.
One way to use identities is to simplify expressions involving trigonometric
functions. Often a good strategy for doing this is to write all trig functions in
terms of sines and cosines and then simplify. Let’s see an example of this:
sin x substitute using each 1

tan x  identity csc x 
cos x sin x
tan x csc x
Simplify: 1
sec x sec x 
simplify
cos x
sin x 1 1

 cos x sin x  cos x 1
1 1
cos x cos x
Another way to use identities is to write one function in terms of another
function. Let’s see an example of this:
Write the following expression

in terms of only one trig function:
This expression involves both sine and
cos x  sin x  1
2
cosine. The Fundamental Identity makes a
connection between sine and cosine so we
can use that and solve for cosine squared
= 1  sin 2 x  sin x  1 and substitute.
=  sin 2 x  sin x  2
sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1 cos 2 x  1  sin 2 x

A third way to use identities is to find function values. Let’s see an example of
this:
Write the following expression

in terms of only one trig function:
This expression involves both sine and
cos x  sin x  1
2
cosine. The Fundamental Identity makes a
connection between sine and cosine so we
can use that and solve for cosine squared
= 1  sin 2 x  sin x  1 and substitute.
=  sin 2 x  sin x  2
sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1 cos 2 x  1  sin 2 x

A third way to use identities is to find function values. Let’s see an example of
this:
1
csc  
1 sin 
Given sin   with  in quadrant II, We'd get csc by taking
3 reciprocal of sin
find the other five trig functions using identities. csc  3
sin   cos   1
2 2 Now use the fundamental trig identity
2 Sub in the value of sine that you know

1
   cos   1
2
Solve this for cos 
3
8 8 2 2
cos  
2
cos    
square root
9 9 3
When we square root, we need  but determine that we’d
both sides
need the negative since we have an angle in Quad II where
cosine values are negative.
1
sin   You can easily find sec by taking reciprocal of cos.
3 This can be rationalized
2 2 3 2
csc  3 cos       3 2
sec 
3 2 2 2 4
sin 
tan   We need to get tangent using
cos  fundamental identities.
This can be rationalized
1 Simplify by inverting and multiplying
tan   3 1  3  1 2
      
2 2 3  2 2 4
 2 2
3 Finally you can find
cot   2 2 cotangent by taking the
reciprocal of this answer.
Now let’s look at the unit circle to compare trig functions of positive vs.
negative angles.

What is cos ?
3
1
2
 
What is cos   ?
 3
1
2
Remember a negative 1 3
 , 
2 2 
angle means to go  
clockwise
cos   x   cos x
Recall from College Algebra that if we put
a negative in the function and get the
original back it is an even function.

What is sin ?
3
3
2
 
What is sin    ?
 3
3
 1
 ,
2
3

2 
2 
sin   x    sin x
Recall from College Algebra that if we
put a negative in the function and get
the negative of the function back it is an
odd function.

What is tan ?
3
 
What is tan    ?
 3
 3 1
 ,
3

2 2 

If a function is even, its reciprocal function will be also. If a function is
odd its reciprocal will be also.
EVEN-ODD PROPERTIES
sin(- x ) = - sin x (odd) csc(- x ) = - csc x (odd)
cos(- x) = cos x (even) sec(- x ) = sec x (even)
tan(- x) = - tan x (odd) cot(- x ) = - cot x (odd)
sin  60  what in terms of a positive angle?

 sin 60
 2 
sec     what in terms of a positive angle?
 3  2
sec
3
1 1 1
sin x cos x tan x
QUOTIENT IDENTITIES
sin x cos x
tan x  cot x 
cos x sin x
PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES
2 2
tan 2
x  1  sec 2
x
1  cot 2 x  csc 2 x
EVEN-ODD IDENTITIES
sin   x    sin x cos   x   cos x tan   x    tan x
csc   x    csc x sec   x   sec x cot   x    cot x
COFUNCION IDENTITIES
 
sin(   )  cos  cos(   )  sin 
2 2
 
tan(   )  cot  cot(   )  tan 
2 2
 
sec(   )  csc  csc(   )  sec 
2 2
Trigonometric Identities
 Sine and cosine form conversions. Graphically relating sine

and cosine functions.
sin( A  B )  sin A cos B  cos A sin B
cos( A  B )  cos A cos B sin A sin B
sin(t  180)   sin t

cos(t  180)   cos t
cos(t  90)  sin t
sin(t  90)   cos t
cos(t  90)  sin t
A cos t  B sin t  C cos(t   )

Where
B
C= A 2  B 2 and  =tan -1
A
sin(t  180)   sin t

• The easiest way to find sin(A + B), uses the geometrical construction shown here.
The big angle, (A + B), consists of two smaller ones, A and B, The construction (1)
shows that the opposite side is made of two parts. The lower part, divided by the
line between the angles (2), is sin A. The line between the two angles divided by
the hypotenuse (3) is cos B. Multiply the two together. The middle line is in both
the numerator and denominator, so each cancels and leaves the lower part of the
opposite over the hypotenuse (4).
• Notice the little right triangle (5). The shaded angle is A, because the line on its top
side is parallel to the base line. Similar right triangles with an angle A show that
the top angle, marked A, also equals the original A. The top part of the opposite
(6), over the longest of that shaded triangle, is cos A. The opposite over the main
hypotenuse (7) is sin B. Since the side marked "opposite" (7) is in both the
numerator and denominator when cos A and sin B are multiplied together, cos A
sin B is the top part of the original opposite — for (A + B) — divided by the main
hypotenuse (8).
• Now, put it all together (9). Sin(A + B) is the two parts of the opposite - all divided
by the hypotenuse (9). Putting that into its trig form:
• sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
The Sine Function
Use the graph. Find the value(s) of each of the following.
1. the period
2. the domain
3. the amplitude
4. the range
The Sine Function
Solutions
1. the period: 2 units

2. the domain: all real numbers
3. the amplitude: 2 = 1 unit
2
4. the range: –1 <
– y<
– 1, where y is a real number
Graphing the Sine Function
A Video Introduction
Highlights of the Sine Function
• The sine function, y  sin  matches the measure of an
angle in standard position with the y-coordinate of a point on
the unit circle.
• Within one cycle of the function the graph will “zero” by

touching the x axis three times ( 0,  ,2 ); reach a minimum
3 
value of -1 at and a maximum value of 1 at .
2 2
The Sine Function
Use the graph of the sine function.
a. What is the value of y= sin for = 180°?
The value of the function at = 180° is 0.

b. For what other value(s) of from 0° to 360° does the graph of sin
have the same value as for = 180°?
When y = 0, = 0° and 360°.
The General Equation
Suppose: a is the amplitude of the function

y  a sin b b is the number of cycles in the
where : a  0; b  0;  is in radians interval between 0 and 2 
2
is the period of the function
b
The Sine Function
Estimate each value from the graph. Check your estimate with a calculator.
a. sin 3
The sine function reaches its median value of 0 at 3.14. The
value of the function at 3 is slightly more than 0, or about 0.1.
sin 3 = 0.1411200081 Use a calculator to check your estimate.
The Sine Function
(continued)
b. sin
2
The sine function reaches its maximum value of 1 at 2

, so sin 2 = 1.
sin = 1 Use a calculator to check your estimate.

2

Sketch the graph of y  2 sin 
4
Steps:
1. Determine the amplitude. In this
case a = 2.
2. Determine the period using the
formula 2 . This will be the outer
b
boundary of your graph.
2 2 4
8 Period =   8
 1 
4
3. Use five points equally spaced
through one cycle to sketch a
cosine curve. The five–point
pattern is
zero-max–zero–min–zero.
Plot the points.

Sketch the graph of y  2 sin 
4
Steps:
4. Make a smooth curve through the
points to complete your graph.
8
The Sine Function
Use the graph of y = sin 6 .
a. How many cycles occur in this graph?

How is the number of cycles related to
the coefficient of in the equation?
The graph shows 6 cycles.
The number of cycles is equal to the coefficient of .
b. Find the period of y = sin 6 .
2 ÷6= 3 Divide the domain of the graph by the number of cycles.
The period of y = sin 6 is .

3
The Sine Function
This graph shows the graph of y = a • sin for values of
a = 3 and a = 3.
4
a. Find the amplitude of each sine curve. How does
the value of a affect the amplitude?
The amplitude of y = sin is 1, and the amplitude of

3 3
y= 4
• sin is 4.
The amplitude of y = 3 • sin is 3.

In each case, the amplitude of the curve is | a |.
b. How would a negative value of a affect each graph?
When a is negative, the graph is a reflection in the x-axis.

The Sine Function
a. Sketch one cycle of a sine curve with amplitude 3 and period 4.
Step 1: Choose scales for the y-axis and the x-axis

that are about equal ( = 1 unit). On
the x-axis, mark one period (4 units).
Step 2: Mark equal spaces through one cycle by

dividing the period into fourths.
Step 3: Since the amplitude is 3, the maximum 3

and the minimum is –3. Plot the five points
and sketch the curve.
The Sine Function
(continued)
b. Use the form y = a sin b . Write an equation

with a > 0 for the sine curve in part a.
The amplitude is 3, and a > 0, so a = 3.
2
The period is 4, and 4 = , so b = 2 .
b
An equation for the function is y = 3 sin 2 x.

The Sine Function
Sketch one cycle of y = 5 sin 3 .
3
5 5
| a | = , so the amplitude is .
3 3
b = 3, so there are 3 cycles from 0 to 2 .
2 2 2
= , so the period is .
b 3 3
Divide the period into fourths. Using the values of the amplitude and period,
plot the zero-max-zero-min-zero pattern.
Sketch the curve.

The Sine Function
Find the period of the following sine curve. Then write an equation for
the curve.
According to the graph, one cycle takes 3 units to
complete, so the period is 3.
To write the equation, first find b.
2
period = Use the relationship between
b
the period and b.
2
3= Substitute.
b
2
b= Multiply each side by .b
3 3
2.094 Simplify.
2
Use the form y =a sin b . An equation for the graph is y = 5 sin .
3
Digital Lesson
Graphs of Trigonometric
Functions
Properties of Sine and Cosine Functions
The graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x have similar properties:
1. The domain is the set of real numbers.
2. The range is the set of y values such that . 1  y  1

3. The maximum value is 1 and the minimum value is –1.
4. The graph is a smooth curve.
5. Each function cycles through all the values of the range

over an x-interval of .
2
6. The cycle repeats itself indefinitely in both directions of the
x-axis.
Copyright © by Houghton
Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights 51
reserved.
Graph of the Sine Function
To sketch the graph of y = sin x first locate the key points.

These are the maximum points, the minimum points, and the intercepts.
 3
x 0  2
2 2
sin x 0 1 0 -1 0
Then, connect the points on the graph with a smooth curve that extends
in both directions beyond the five points. A single cycle is called a
period.
y y = sin x
3  1  3 5
 
2  2 2  2 2 2 x
1
reserved.
Graph of the Cosine Function
To sketch the graph of y = cos x first locate the key points.

These are the maximum points, the minimum points, and the intercepts.
 3
x 0  2
2 2
cos x 1 0 -1 0 1
Then, connect the points on the graph with a smooth curve that extends
in both directions beyond the five points. A single cycle is called a
period.
y y = cos x
3  1  3 5
 
2  2 2  2 2 2 x
1
reserved.
Example: Sketch the graph of y = 3 cos x on the interval [–, 4].
Partition the interval [0, 2] into four equal parts. Find the five key points; graph
one cycle; then repeat the cycle over the interval.
 3
x 0  2
2 2
3 0 -3 0 3
y = 3 cos x
max x-int min x-int max
y
(0, 3) ( 2, 3)
2
 1  2 3 4 x
( 3, 0)
1 (  , 0)
2 2
2
3 ( , –3)
reserved.
The amplitude of y = a sin x (or y = a cos x) is half the distance between the
maximum and minimum values of the function.
amplitude = |a|
If |a| > 1, the amplitude stretches the graph vertically.
If 0 < |a| > 1, the amplitude shrinks the graph vertically.
If a < 0, the graph is reflected in the x-axis.
y
y = sin x
 3
2  2 2 x
y = 1 sin x
2
y = – 4 sin x y = 2 sin x
reflection of y = 4 sin x y = 4 sin x
4
reserved.
The period of a function is the x interval needed for the function to
complete one cycle.
For b  0, the period of y = a sin bx is . 2

b
For b  0, the period of y = a cos bx is also . 2
b
If 0 < b < 1, the graph of the function is stretched horizontally.
y
y  sin 2 period: 2 
period:  y  sin x x
  2
If b > 1, the graph of the function is shrunk horizontally.

y
1 y  cos x
y  cos x period: 2 
2   2 3 4 x
period: 4 
reserved.
Use basic trigonometric identities to graph y = f (–x)
Example 1: Sketch the graph of y = sin (–x).
The graph of y = sin (–x) is the graph of y = sin x reflected in the x-axis.
y y = sin (–x)
Use the identity

sin (–x) = – sin x x
y = sin x  2
Example 2: Sketch the graph of y = cos (–x).

The graph of y = cos (–x) is identical to the graph of y = cos x.
y
Use the identity
cos (–x) = – cos x x
 2
y = cos (–x)
reserved.
Example: Sketch the graph of y = 2 sin (–3x).
Rewrite the function in the form y = a sin bx with b > 0

Use the identity sin (– x) = – sin x: y = 2 sin (–3x) = –2 sin 3x
2 2
amplitude: |a| = |–2| = 2 period: =
b 3
Calculate the five key points.
x    2
0 6 3 2 3
y = –2 sin 3x 0 –2 0 2 0
y
( , 2)
2 2
    2 5
6 6 3 2 3 6  x
(0, 0) ( , 0)
3 (2 , 0)
2
( , -2) 3
Copyright © by Houghton 6
reserved.
Graph of the Tangent Function
sin x
To graph y = tan x, use the identity tan x. 
cos x
At values of x for which cos x = 0, the tangent function is undefined and its
graph has vertical asymptotes.
y
Properties of y = tan x
1. domain : all real x


x  k  k    3
2
2. range: (–, +) 2 2 x
3. period:   3 
4. vertical asymptotes: 2 2

x  k  k  
2
period: 
reserved.
Example: Find the period and asymptotes and sketch the graph
of 1  y 
y  tan 2 x x x
3 4 4
1. Period of y = tan x is . 

 Period of y  tan 2 x is .
2 3  1 
  , 
2. Find consecutive vertical
8  8 3 2 x
asymptotes by solving for x:  1
 ,   3 1 
   8 3  , 
2x   , 2x   8 3
2 2  
Vertical asymptotes: x ,x
4 4
3. Plot several points in    3
(0, ) x  0
2 8 8 8
1 1 1 1
4. Sketch one branch and repeat. y  tan 2 x  0 
3 3 3 3
reserved.
Graph of the Cotangent Function
cos x
To graph y = cot x, use the identity cot x. 
sin x
At values of x for which sin x = 0, the cotangent function is undefined and its
graph has vertical asymptotes.
y
Properties of y = cot x
y  cot x
1. domain : all real x
x  k k  
2. range: (–, +) x
3     3 2
3. period:   
2 2 2 2
4. vertical asymptotes:
x  k k  
vertical asymptotes x   x0 x  x  2

reserved.
3
DIFFERENTIATION RULES
• Before starting this section,

• you might need to review the
• trigonometric functions.
• In particular, it is important to remember that,

• when we talk about the function f defined for
• all real numbers x by f(x) = sin x, it is
• understood that sin x means the sine of
• the angle whose radian measure is x.
• A similar convention holds for

• the other trigonometric functions
• cos, tan, csc, sec, and cot.
– Recall from Section 2.5 that all the trigonometric functions

are continuous at every number in their domains.
3.6
Derivatives of
Trigonometric Functions
In this section, we will learn about:
Derivatives of trigonometric functions
and their applications.
DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
• Let’s sketch the graph of the function
f(x) = sin x and use the interpretation of f’(x) as
the slope of the tangent to the sine curve
in order to sketch the graph of f’.
• Then, it looks as if the graph of f’ may

be the same as the cosine curve.
• Let’s try to confirm

our guess that, if f(x) = sin x,
then f’(x) = cos x.
DERIVS. OF TRIG. FUNCTIONS Equation 1
• From the definition of a derivative, we have:

f ( x  h)  f ( x ) sin( x  h)  sin x
f '( x)  lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h
sin x cos h  cos x sin h  sin x
 lim
h 0 h
 sin x cos h  sin x cos x sin h 
 lim   
h 0
 h h
  cos h  1   sin h  
 lim sin x    cos x  
h 0
  h   h 
cos h  1 sin h
 lim sin x  lim  lim cos x  lim
h 0 h 0 h h 0 h 0 h
DERIVS. OF TRIG. FUNCTIONS
cos h  1 sin h
lim sin x  lim  lim cos x  lim
h 0 h 0 h h 0 h 0 h
• Two of these four limits are easy to evaluate.

• Since we regard x as a constant

when computing a limit as h → 0,
we have:
lim sin x  sin x

h0
lim cos x  cos x

h0
• The limit of (sin h)/h is not so obvious.
• In Example 3 in Section 2.2, we made

the guess—on the basis of numerical and
graphical evidence—that:
sin 
lim  1
 0 
• We now use a geometric argument to

prove Equation 2.
– Assume first that θ lies between 0 and π/2.

DERIVS. OF TRIG. FUNCTIONS Proof
• The figure shows a sector of a circle with center

O, central angle θ, and radius 1.
BC is drawn perpendicular to OA.
– By the definition of
radian measure, we have
arc AB = θ.
– Also,
|BC| = |OB| sin θ = sin θ.
We see that
• |BC| < |AB| < arc AB
Thus,
sin 
sin    so 1

• Let the tangent lines at A and B

intersect at E.
• You can see from this figure that

the circumference of a circle is smaller than the
length of a circumscribed polygon.
• So,
arc AB < |AE| + |EB|
• Thus,
• θ = arc AB < |AE| + |EB|
• < |AE| + |ED|
• = |AD| = |OA| tan θ
• = tan θ
• Therefore, we have: sin 


cos 
sin 
• So,cos   1

• We know thatlim1  1 and lim cos .  1

 0  0
• So, by the Squeeze Theorem,

we have: sin 
lim 1
 0 
• However, the function (sin θ)/θ is an even

function.
• So, its right and left limits must be equal.
• Hence, we have: sin 
lim 1
 0 
• We can deduce the value of the remaining

limit in Equation 1 as follows.
cos   1
lim
 0 
 cos   1 cos   1 
 lim   
 0
  cos   1 
cos   1
2
 lim
 0  (cos   1)
 sin 
2
 lim
 0  (cos   1)
 sin  sin  
  lim   
 0
  cos   1 
sin  sin   0 
  lim  lim  1    0
 0   0 cos   1
11
cos   1
lim 0
 0 
• If we put the limits (2) and (3) in (1),
we get:
cos h  1 sin h
f '( x)  lim sin x  lim  lim cos x  lim
h 0 h 0 h h 0 h 0 h
 (sin x)  0  (cos x) 1
 cos x
DERIV. OF SINE FUNCTION Formula 4
• So, we have proved the formula for

the derivative of the sine function:
d
(sin x)  cos x
dx
DERIVS. OF TRIG. FUNCTIONS Example 1
• Differentiate y = x 2 sin x.
– Using the Product Rule and Formula 4,

we have:
dy 2 d d 2
x (sin x)  sin x ( x )
dx dx dx
 x 2 cos x  2 x sin x
DERIV. OF COSINE FUNCTION Formula 5
• Using the same methods as in

the proof of Formula 4, we can prove:
d
(cos x)   sin x
dx
DERIV. OF TANGENT FUNCTION
• The tangent function can also be
differentiated by using the definition
of a derivative.
• However, it is easier to use the Quotient Rule

together with Formulas 4 and 5—as follows.
DERIV. OF TANGENT FUNCTION Formula 6
d d  sin x 
(tan x)   
dx dx  cos x 
d d
cos x (sin x)  sin x (cos x)
 dx dx
cos 2 x
cos x  cos x  sin x(  sin x)

cos 2 x
cos 2 x  sin 2 x 1
 2
 2
 sec 2
x
cos x cos x
d
(tan x)  sec x2
dx
• The derivatives of the remaining
trigonometric functions—csc, sec, and cot—can
also be found easily using the Quotient Rule.
• We have collected all the differentiation

formulas for trigonometric functions here.
– Remember, they are valid only when x is measured
in radians.
d d
(sin x)  cos x (csc x)   csc x cot x
dx dx
d d
(cos x)   sin x (sec x)  sec x tan x
dx dx
d d
(tan x)  sec x
2
(cot x)   csc x
2
dx dx
• Differentiatef ( x) 
sec x
1  tan x
• For what values of x does the graph of f have

a horizontal tangent?
• The Quotient Rule gives:

d d
(1  tan x) (sec x)  sec x (1  tan x)
f '( x)  dx dx
(1  tan x) 2
(1  tan x) sec x tan x  sec x  sec x
2

(1  tan x) 2
sec x(tan x  tan x  sec x )

2 2

(1  tan x) 2
sec x(tan x  1)

(1  tan x) 2
• In simplifying the answer,

we have used the identity
tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x.
• Since sec x is never 0, we see that f’(x)

when tan x = 1.
– This occurs when x = nπ + π/4,
where n is an integer.
APPLICATIONS
• Trigonometric functions are often used

in modeling real-world phenomena.
– In particular, vibrations, waves, elastic motions,

and other quantities that vary in a periodic manner
can be described using trigonometric functions.
– In the following example, we discuss an instance

of simple harmonic motion.
APPLICATIONS Example 3
• An object at the end of a vertical spring

is stretched 4 cm beyond its rest position
and released at time t = 0.
– In the figure, note that the downward
direction is positive.
– Its position at time t is
s = f(t) = 4 cos t
– Find the velocity and acceleration
at time t and use them to analyze
the motion of the object.
• The velocity and acceleration are:
ds d d
v  (4 cos t )  4 (cos t )  4sin t
dt dt dt
dv d d
a  (4sin t )  4 (sin t )  4 cos t
dt dt dt
• The object oscillates from the lowest point

(s = 4 cm) to the highest point (s = -4 cm).
• The period of the oscillation

is 2π, the period of cos t.
• The speed is |v| = 4|sin t|, which is greatest

when |sin t| = 1, that is, when cos t = 0.
– So, the object moves

fastest as it passes
through its equilibrium
position (s = 0).
– Its speed is 0 when

sin t = 0, that is, at the
high and low points.
• The acceleration a = -4 cos t = 0 when s = 0.
• It has greatest magnitude at the high and

low points.
• Find the 27th derivative of cos x.
– The first few derivatives of f(x) = cos x

are as follows:
f '( x )   sin x
f ''( x )   cos x
f '''( x )  sin x
f (4)
( x )  cos x
f (5)
( x)   sin x
– We see that the successive derivatives occur

in a cycle of length 4 and, in particular,
f (n)(x) = cos x whenever n is a multiple of 4.
– Therefore, f (24)(x) = cos x
– Differentiating three more times,

we have:
f (27)(x) = sin x
• Our main use for the limit in Equation 2
has been to prove the differentiation formula for
the sine function.
– However, this limit is also useful in finding

certain other trigonometric limits—as the following
two examples show.
• Findlim sin 7 x
x 0 4x
– In order to apply Equation 2, we first rewrite

the function by multiplying and dividing by 7:
sin 7 x 7  sin 7 x 
  
4x 4  7x 
• If we let θ = 7x, then θ → 0 as x → 0.

So, by Equation 2, we have:
sin 7 x 7  sin 7 x 
lim  lim  
x 0 4x 4 x  0
 7x 
7  sin  
 lim  
4   0
  
7 7
 1 
4 4
• Calculate lim x cot .x

x 0
– We divide the numerator and denominator by x:

x cos x cos x
lim x cot x  lim  lim
x 0 x  0 sin x x  0 sin x
x
lim cos x cos 0
 x 0  by the continuity of
sin x 1 cosine and Eqn. 2
lim
x 0 x
1
3.5 Derivatives of trig functions-formulas needed
sin(x+h) = sin x*cos h+cos x*sin h
sinh
lim 1
h 0 h
cos(x+h) = cos x*cos h- sin x*sin h
cos h  1
lim 0
h 0 h
dy f ( x  h)  f ( x )
Derivative of y = sin x f  ( x)   limh0
dx h
sin( x  h)  sin( x)
f  ( x)  limh 0
h
sin( x)cos(h)  cos( x)sin(h)  sin( x)
limh 0
h
sin( x)cos(h)  sin( x)  cos( x)sin(h)

limh 0
h
sin( x)(cos(h)  1) cos( x)sin(h)
limh 0 
h h
0 +cos(x)*1 = cos (x)

3.5 Derivatives of Trigonometric
Functions
d
d
 sin x   cos x  cos x    sin x
dx dx
d d
 tan x   sec2 x  cot x    csc2 x
dx dx
d
 sec x   sec x tan x d
 csc x    csc x cot x
dx dx
Figure 25: The curve y´ = –sin x as the graph of the slope
the tangents to the curve y = cos x.
Slope of y = cos x
Find
1 the derivatives
f ( x)  5sin x  sec x  x tan x  7 x 2  3
2
1

f ( x)  5cos x  sec x tan x  x sec2 x  tan x(1)  14 x
2
1  sin x ( x  cos x)
d d
(1  sin x)  (1  sin x) ( x  cos x)
f ( x) 
x  cos x f ( x)  dx dx
( x  cos x)2
( x  cos x)(cos x)  (1  sin x)(1  sin x)

f ( x) 
( x  cos x)2
( x cos x  cos2 x)  (1  sin 2 x) x cos x  cos2 x  1  sin 2 x
f ( x)  
( x  cos x) 2
( x  cos x)2
x cos x
f ( x) 
( x  cos x)2

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Review

• The sin function:

• Multiple revolutions are allowed

cos2x cos2x cos2x

sin2x sin2x sin2x These three are sometimes

sin x substitute using each 1

Write the following expression

sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1 cos 2 x  1  sin 2 x

Write the following expression

sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1 cos 2 x  1  sin 2 x

2 Sub in the value of sine that you know

sin  60  what in terms of a positive angle?

 Sine and cosine form conversions. Graphically relating sine

sin(t  180)   sin t

A cos t  B sin t  C cos(t   )

sin(t  180)   sin t

1. the period: 2 units

• Within one cycle of the function the graph will “zero” by

a. What is the value of y= sin for = 180°?

The value of the function at = 180° is 0.

Suppose: a is the amplitude of the function

The sine function reaches its maximum value of 1 at 2

sin = 1 Use a calculator to check your estimate.

a. How many cycles occur in this graph?

The graph shows 6 cycles.

The number of cycles is equal to the coefficient of .

b. Find the period of y = sin 6 .

2 ÷6= 3 Divide the domain of the graph by the number of cycles.

The period of y = sin 6 is .

The amplitude of y = sin is 1, and the amplitude of

The amplitude of y = 3 • sin is 3.

b. How would a negative value of a affect each graph?

When a is negative, the graph is a reflection in the x-axis.

Step 1: Choose scales for the y-axis and the x-axis

Step 2: Mark equal spaces through one cycle by

Step 3: Since the amplitude is 3, the maximum 3

b. Use the form y = a sin b . Write an equation

The amplitude is 3, and a > 0, so a = 3.

An equation for the function is y = 3 sin 2 x.

b = 3, so there are 3 cycles from 0 to 2 .

Sketch the curve.

The graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x have similar properties:

1. The domain is the set of real numbers.

2. The range is the set of y values such that . 1  y  1

4. The graph is a smooth curve.

5. Each function cycles through all the values of the range

To sketch the graph of y = sin x first locate the key points.

To sketch the graph of y = cos x first locate the key points.

For b  0, the period of y = a sin bx is . 2

If b > 1, the graph of the function is shrunk horizontally.

Use the identity

Example 2: Sketch the graph of y = cos (–x).

Rewrite the function in the form y = a sin bx with b > 0

1. domain : all real x

vertical asymptotes x   x0 x  x  2

• Before starting this section,

• In particular, it is important to remember that,

• A similar convention holds for

– Recall from Section 2.5 that all the trigonometric functions

• Then, it looks as if the graph of f’ may

• Let’s try to confirm

• From the definition of a derivative, we have:

• Two of these four limits are easy to evaluate.

cos(x+h) = cos xcos h- sin xsin h