RESEARCH

TYPES and
Here is where your
presentation begins PURPOSE
 POINTS FOR
DISCUSSION
Characteristics of Purposes of Types & Approaches
01 Research 02 Research 03 to Research
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH TOPIC
PREVIOUSLY…  CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCHER
 DEVELOPMENT OF THE 7Cs
CHARACTERISTICS
OF RESEARCH
As a process of acquiring facts to generate
new or validate existing knowledge
ACCURACY RELEVANCE
OBJECTIVENESS CLARITY
TIMELINESS SYSTEMATIC
It must give correct or accurate data, which
the footnotes, notes and bibliographical
entries should honestly and appropriately
documented or acknowledge.
—ACCURACY
It must deal with facts, not with mere
opinions arising from assumptions,
generalizations, predictions, or
conclusions.
—OBJECTIVENESS
It must work on a topic that is
fresh, new, and interesting to
the present society.
—TIMELINESS
Its topic must be instrumental in
improving society or in solving
problems affecting the lives of people
in a community.
—RELEVANCE
It must succeed in expressing its
central point or discoveries by
using simple, direct, consice, and
correct language.
—CLARITY
It must take place in an
organized or orderly
manner.
—SYSTEMATIC
 TYPES OF
RESEARCH
 Based on Application or Research Method
 Based on Purpose of the Research
 Based on Types of Data Needed
 BASED ON
APPLICATION OF
THE RESEARCH
METHOD
 PURE RESEARCH
If it deals with concepts, principles, or abstracting things.
If it aims to increase knowledge about something.

APPLIED RESEARCH
If the researcher’s intention is to apply his chosen
research to societal problems or issues, find ways to
make positive changes in the society.
 BASED ON
PURPOSE OF THE
RESEARCH
 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
If it aims at defining a person, thing, event, group, or situation.
It is liable to repeated research as it relates only to a certain period or
limited number of years.
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
If it aims to show relationships or connectedness of two factors,
circumstances, or variables; but not the causes and ways of the
development of such relationships.
 EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
If it aims to elaborate or explain, not just the reasons behind
the relationship of two factors, but also the ways by which
such relationship existed.
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
If it aims to find out how reasonable or possible it is to
conduct a research study on a certain topic.
It will trigger one’s interest to conduct research studies.
 ACTION RESEARCH
If it studies or investigates an ongoing practice
of a school, organization, community, or
institution with the purpose of obtaining results
that will bring improvements in the system.
 BASED ON
TYPES OF
DATA NEEDED
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 It requires non-numerical data, which means the researcher uses
words rather than numbers to express the results, the inquiry, or
investigation about people’s thoughts, beliefs, feelings, views, and
lifestyles regarding the object of the study.
 These opinionated answers from people are not measureable; so,
verbal language is the right way to express its findings.
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 It involves measurement of data, thus, it presents
research finding referring to the number or frequency
of something in numerical forms (i.e., using
percentages, fractions, numbers)
 Data are regarded as PRIMARY or SECONDARY DATA.
 TYPES OF
PRIMARY DATA - obtained through direct
DATA
observation or contact with people, objects,
artifacts, paintings, etc.
These are new and original information resulting
from sensory experiences
 TYPES OF DATA
SECONDARY DATA – data that have been
written about or reported on and are
available for reading purposes.
APPROACHES
TO RESEARCH
How to approach or begin research, deal with
data, and establish connection among all
things or activities involved in research?
 SCIENTIFIC OR POSITIVE APPROACH
 To discover and measure information, observe and
control variables in an impersonal manner.
 Data gathering techniques applied are structured
interviews, questionnaires, and observation checklists.
 Data gathered are then expressed in numbers, an
approach suitable to QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH.
 SCIENTIFIC OR POSITIVE APPROACH
 To discover and measure information, observe and
control variables in an impersonal manner.
 Data gathering techniques applied are structured
interviews, questionnaires, and observation checklists.
 Data gathered are then expressed in numbers, an
approach suitable to QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH.
Example #3: Counting Cars
Define Purpose: I want to know if solo drivers are
illegally using the carpool lane on the freeway in my city,
and if so, how widespread the problem is.
Construct Hypothesis: The null hypothesis might be
that there are zero people driving alone who are using
the carpool lane on the freeway. The alternative
hypothesis could be that there are a significant number
of solo drivers using the carpool lane.
Test Hypothesis and Collect Data: To test this hypothesis, you might find a
pedestrian-friendly overpass from which you can observe the carpool lane on the
freeway. For a 60-minute period during rush hour, you tally up the number of
vehicles in the carpool lane who have the minimum number of passengers to qualify
for the lane, as well as a separate tally for the number of vehicles with solo drivers.
(For the purposes of this experiment, we might ignore location-specific
exemptions, like how some states allow electric vehicles to drive in the carpool lane
regardless of the number of passengers.)
Analyze Data: Review your data. You might choose to calculate the percentage of
vehicles that contained solo drivers.
Draw Conclusion: Based on the data you collected, decide whether a significant
number of solo drivers were using the carpool lane during your observation period.
Communicate Results: Present your findings in a written or oral presentation.
 NATURALISTIC
 It uses words to express data.
APPROACH
 It leads to qualitative data that speak of how people behave
towards their surroundings.
 Non-numerical data that expresses truths about the way people
perceive or understand the world.
 It happens in a natural setting, as people look at their world in a
subjective or personal basis in an uncontrolled or unstructured
manner.
 Naturalistic observation is non-experimental,
primarily a QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHOD in
which organisms are studied in
their NATURAL SETTINGS. Behaviors or other
phenomena of interest are observed and recorded
by the researcher, whose presence might be either
known or unknown to the subjects.
 EXAMPLE
A student researcher stands on a corner with a stop sign. He or she is
holding a pad of paper or a similar recording device. The student notes
whether passing drivers completely stop at the sign. The second phase of
the observation takes place on the same corner, except this time the
student is hidden. Equal time is given to both sections of the study. In
general, people will make sure to come to a complete stop when they
know they're being observed. For this study to have real weight, it needs
to be done a statistically significant number times. For the purposes of
experimental psychology in a college course, however, one or two rounds
will suffice.
 EXAMPLE
Let's imagine that you want to study differences in risk-
taking behavior between teenage boys and girls. You might
choose to observe behavior in a few different settings, such
as on a sledding hill, a rock-climbing wall, an ice-skating rink,
and a bumper car ride. After you operationally define "risk-
taking behavior," you would then observe teens in these
settings and record every incidence of what you define as
risky behavior.
 TRIANGULATION APPROACH
 It is the combination of SCIENTIFIC APPROACH and
NATURALISTIC APPROACH.
 In this approach, the researcher is FREE to gather and analyze
data using multiple methods.
 This allows the combination or mixing up of research
approaches, research types, data gathering, and data analysis
techniques; and view every angle of the research from different
perspectives.
 THIS IS A GREAT HEADLINE
And this is the subtitle that makes it comprehensible
 Activity
Refer to page 15 of the TEXTBOOK.
Identify the specific type of research for each given topic .
ACTION PURE APPLIED DESCRIPTIVE EXPLANATORY CORRELATION

A.Theory of Relativity H.The Why and How of Internet

B.University Belt Street Foods Use
C.Landline vs. Cellphone I. Effects of Korean Telenovelas on
D.Reasons Behind Tuition Fee Filipino TV Viewers
Increases J. Digital Age
E.Manila Flash Flood Solutions K.Teaching Through PowerPoint
F. College assessment Practices Presentations
G.Critical Thinking and Creative L. Archimedes’ Principle of
Thinking in Learning-Teaching Buoyancy
Situations
 MAYBE YOU NEED TO DIVIDE THE
CONTENT

Mercury Venus
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot—even
bit larger than our Moon. The planet’s name has nothing to do with the liquid metal since it hotter than Mercury—and its atmosphere is extremely poisonous. It’s the second-brightest
was named after the Roman messenger god, Mercury natural object in the night sky after the Moon
YOU COULD USE THREE COLUMNS, WHY
NOT?

Mars Jupiter Venus

Despite being red, Mars is a cold It’s a gas giant and the biggest Venus has a beautiful name and
place, not hot. It’s full of iron planet in our Solar System. is the second planet from the
oxide, which gives the planet its Jupiter is the fourth-brightest Sun. It’s terribly hot, even hotter
reddish cast object in the sky than Mercury
A PICTURE ALWAYS
REINFORCES THE CONCEPT
Images reveal large amounts of
data, so remember: use an image
instead of long texts.
A PICTURE IS WORTH A
THOUSAND WORDS
AWESOME
WORDS
 02
STATISTICS
This is the subtitle that makes it comprehensible
IF YOU WANT TO MODIFY THIS GRAPH, CLICK ON IT, FOLLOW
THE LINK, CHANGE THE DATA AND REPLACE IT
 SOMETIMES, REVIEWING CONCEPTS
IS A GOOD IDEA

Mercury Venus Mars

Mercury is the closest planet to the Venus has a beautiful name, but it’s Despite being red, Mars is a cold
Sun terribly hot place, not hot

Jupiter Saturn Neptune

It’s a gas giant and the biggest planet Saturn is composed mostly of Neptune is the farthest planet from
in our Solar System hydrogen and helium the Sun
 HOW ABOUT THE PERCENTAGES?

Mercury Mars
Mercury is the closest Despite being red, Mars is
planet to the Sun a cold place

Venus Jupiter
Venus has a beautiful Jupiter is the biggest planet in
name, but it’s terribly our Solar System
hot
INFOGRAPHICS MAKE YOUR IDEA UNDERSTANDABLE…

Despite being red, Mars is a cold place

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun

Jupiter is the biggest planet in our Solar System

Venus has a beautiful name, but it’s terribly hot

 …AND THE SAME GOES FOR TABLES

MASS DIAMETER SURFACE GRAVITY

(earths) (earths) (earths)

MERCURY 0,06 0,38 0,38

MARS 0,11 0,53 0,38

SATURN 95,2 9,4 1,16

THIS IS A MAP

Venus has a beautiful name,

but it’s terribly hot

Mercury is the closest

planet to the Sun

Despite being red, Mars is

a cold place, not hot
 A TIMELINE ALWAYS WORKS FINE

DAY 1 DAY 2
Mercury is the Jupiter is the biggest
smallest planet in our planet in our Solar
Solar System System

DAY 3 DAY 4
Despite being red, Jupiter is the biggest
Mars is a cold place, planet in our Solar
not hot System
 DO YOU PREFER THIS TIMELINE?

DAY 1 DAY 2
Mercury is the Venus is the
closest planet second planet
to the Sun from the Sun

DAY 3 DAY 4
Despite being Neptune is the
red, Mars is a farthest planet
cold place from the Sun
 03
TARGET
This is the subtitle that makes it comprehensible
4,498,300,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
 333,000.00
earths is the Sun’s mass

24h 37m 23s

is Jupiter’s rotation period

386,000 km
is the distance between the Earth and the Moon
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