Introduction to C++

By

Faiza Qayyum
Department of Computer Science,
Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad
 History
• C evolved from two languages (BCPL and B)
• 1980: “C with Classes”
• 1985: C++ 1.0
• 1995: Draft standard
• Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs
• Based on C, added Object-Oriented
Programming concepts (OOP) in C
• Similar program performance (compared to C)
 C vs C++
• Advantages:
– 1. Faster development time (code reuse)
– 2. Creating / using new data types is easier
– 3. Easier memory management
– 4. Stricter syntax & type checking => less bugs
– 5. Easier to implement Data hiding
– 6. Object Oriented concepts
 C++ Program Structure
//My first program in C++ First.cpp
Preprocessor
Directive (no ;)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}
 IDE and Compilation Steps

First.cpp

C++ C++ Header

Preprocessor Files

C++ Compiler Linker First.exe

Object code for

library function
Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)
• An IDE is a software application which provides a
comprehensive facility to programmers to Write /Edit
/Debug /Compile the code

• Main components:
– Source code editor
– Debugger
– Complier
–…
 IDEs on Windows platform
• Turbo C++

• Microsoft Visual C++

• Dev C++
 Input / Output Example
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main ( )
{
string name; //Name of student
cout<< “Enter you name";
cin>>name;
/* Now print hello , and students name */
cout<< “Hello “ << name;
return 0;
}
 Comments
• Two types of comments
1. Single line comment //….
2. Multi-line (paragraph) comment /* */

• When compiler sees // it ignores all text after this on

same line

• When it sees /*, it scans for the text */ and ignores

any text between /* and */
 Preprocessor Directives
• #include<iostream>

• # is a preprocessor directive.

• The preprocessor runs before the actual compiler and

prepares your program for compilation.

• Lines starting with # are directives to preprocessor to

perform certain tasks, e.g., “include” command
instructs the preprocessor to add the iostream library
in this program
Header files (functionality declarations)
(Turbo C++) (Visual C++)
• #include<iostream.h> or #include <iostream>
• #include<stdlib.h> or #include<stdlib>
• …
 std:: Prefix
• std::cout<“Hello World”;
• std::cout<<Marks;
• std::cout<<“Hello ”<<name;
• Scope Resolution Operator ::

• std is a namespace, Namespaces ?

using namespace std;

cout<<“Hello World”;
cout<<Marks;
cout<<“Hello ”<<name;
 Namespaces
• Namespace pollution
– Occurs when building large systems from pieces
– Identical globally-visible names clash
– How many programs have a “print” function?
– Very difficult to fix
 Namespaces
namespace Mine
{
const float pi = 3.1415925635;
}

void main(){
float x = 6 + Mine::pi;
cout<<x;
}
 Multiple Namespaces
• Example…
 Omitting std:: prefix
- using directive brings namespaces or its sub-items
into current scope

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
cout<<“Hello World!”<<endl;
cout<<“Bye!”;
return 0;
}
 main( ) function
• Every C++ program start executing from main ( )

• A function is a construct that contains/encapsulates

statements in a block.

• Block starts from “{“ and ends with “}” brace

• Every statement in the block must end with a

semicolon ( ; )

• Examples…
 cout and endl
• cout (console output) and the operator
• << referred to as the stream insertion operator
• << “Inserts values of data-items or string to
screen.”
• >> referred as stream extraction operator, extracts
value from stream and puts into “Variables”

• A string must be enclosed in double-quotation

marks.

• endl stands for end line, sending ‘endl’ to the

console outputs a new line
 Input and type
– cin>>name; reads characters until a
whitespace character is seen

–Whitespace characters:
• space,
• tab,
• newline {enter key}
 Variables
- Variables are identifiers which represent
some unknown, or variable-value.

- A variable is named storage (some

memory address’s contents)

x = a + b;
Speed_Limit = 90;
 Variable declaration

TYPE <Variable Name> ;

Examples:
int marks;
double Pi;
int suM;
char grade;

- NOTE: Variable names are case sensitive in C++ ??

 Variable declaration
• C++ is case sensitive
– Example:
area
Area
AREA
ArEa

are all seen as different variables

 Names
Valid Names
• Start with a letter
• Contains letters
• Contains digits
• Contains underscores

• Do not start names with underscores: _age

• Don’t use C++ Reserve Words

 C++ Reserve Words

• auto break int long

• case char register return
• const continue short
• default do signed
• double else sizeof static
• enum extern struct switch
• float for typedef union
• goto if unsigned void
volatile while
 Names
• Choose meaningful names
– Don’t use abbreviations and acronyms: mtbf, TLA,
myw, nbv

• Don't use overly long names

• Ok:
partial_sum
element_count
staple_partition

• Too long (valid but not good practice):

remaining_free_slots_in_the_symbol_table
 Which are Legal Identifiers?
AREA area_under_the_curve
2D _Marks
Last Chance #values
x_yt3 areaoFCirCLe
Num-2 %done
Grade*** return
Ifstatement
 String input (Variables)
// Read first and second name
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
int main() {
string first;
string second;
cout << “Enter your first and second names:";
cin >> first >> second;
cout << "Hello “ << first << “ “ << second;
return 0;
}
 Declaring Variables

• Before using you must declare the variables

 Declaring Variables…
• When we declare a variable, what happens ?
– Memory allocation
• How much memory (data type)

– Memory associated with a name (variable name)

– The allocated space has a unique address

Marks

int Marks; %$^%$%$*^%

FE07
 Using Variables: Initialization
• Variables may be given initial values, or
initialized, when declared. Examples:
length
int length = 7 ; 7

diameter
float diameter = 5.9 ; 5.9

initial
char initial = ‘A’ ; ‘A’
 rvalue and lvalue
• Are the two occurrences of “a” in this expression the
same?
a = a + 1;
One on the left of the assignment refers to the location
of the variable (whose name is a, or address);
One on the right of the assignment refers to the value of
the variable (whose name is a);

• Two attributes of variables lvalue and rvalue

• The lvalue of a variable is its address
• The rvalue of a variable is its value
 rvalue and lvalue

• Assignment Rule: On the left side of an

assignment there must be a lvalue or a
variable (address of memory location)

int i, j;
i = 7;
7 = i;
j * 4 = 7;
 Data Types
Three basic PRE-DEFINED data types:
1. To store whole numbers
– int, long int, short int, unsigned int

2. To store real numbers

– float, double

3. Characters
– char
 Types and literals
• Built-in types Literals
– Boolean type • Boolean: true, false
• bool
– Character types • Character literals
• char – 'a', 'x', '4', '\n', '$'
– Integer types
• int • Integer literals
– and short and – 0, 1, 123, -6,
long
– Floating-point types • Floating point literals
• double – 1.2, 13.345, 0.3, -0.54,
– and float
• String literals
• Standard-library types – "asdf”, “Helllo”, Pakistan”
– string
 Types
• C++ provides a set of types
– E.g. bool, char, int, double called “built-in types”

• C++ programmers can define new types

– Called “user-defined types”

• The C++ standard library provides a set of types

– E.g. string, vector, ..
– (for vector type  #include<vector> )
 Declaration and initialization
int a = 7; 7

int b = 9; 9

char c = 'a'; a

double x = 1.2; 1.2

string s1 = "Hello, world"; Hello, world

string s2 = "1.2"; 1.2

 char type
• Reserves 8 bits or 1 byte of memory
• A char variable may represent:
– ASCII character 'A‘, 'a‘, '1‘, '4‘, '*‘
– signed integers 127 to -128 (Default)
– unsigned integer in range 255 to 0

Examples:
– char grade;
– unsigned char WeekNumber= 200;
– char cGradeA = 65;
– char cGradeAA = ‘A';
 char type
• Example program…
 Special characters
• Text string special characters (Escape Sequences)
– \n = newline
– \r = carriage return
– \t = tab
– \" = double quote
– \? = question
– \\ = backslash
– \' = single quote

• Examples:
cout << "Hello\t" << "I\’m Ali\n";
cout << "123\nabc “;
 Escape Sequence
• Example Program:
 int type
• 16 bits (2 bytes) on Windows 16-bits
– int -32,768 to 32,767
– unsigned int 0 to 65,535
– Also on Turbo C++, 2 bytes for int

• 32 bits (4 bytes) on Win32 (Visual C++)

– int -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
– unsigned int 0 to 4,294,967,295
 int type
• Examples:
int earth_diameter;
int seconds_in_week= 604800;
unsigned int Height = 100;
unsigned int Width = 50000;
 int type (long and short)
• long int
– reserves 32 bits (4 bytes) of memory
– signed long -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
– unsigned long int 0 to 4,294,967,295

• short int
– reserves 16 bits (2 bytes) of memory
– signed short int -32,768 to 32,767
– unsigned short int 0 to 65,535
 int (long and short)
• Examples:
long int light_speed=186000;
unsigned long int seconds= 604800;
short int Height = 30432;
unsigned short int Width = 50000;
 Home Work-1
• Use Visual C++ on Windows and get information
for following data types:
– int
– short
– long int
– short int
– char
• Use ( cout << sizeof( intVar ); ) operator to get
this information, Example:…
 Real Values
• float
– Reserves 32 bits (4 bytes) of memory
+38
– + 1.180000x10 , 7-digit precision
– Example: float radius= 33.4221;

• double
– Reserves 64 bits (8 bytes)+308
of memory
– + 1.79000000000000x10 , 15-digit precision
– Example: double Distance = 257.5434342;

• long double
– Reserves 80 bits (10 bytes) of memory , 18-digit precision
– Example: long double EarthMass = 25343427.53434233;
 Home Work-2
• Use Visual C++ on Windows and get information
for following data types:
– float
– double
– long double

• Use ( cout << sizeof(floatVar); ) operator to get

this information, Example:…
 bool Type
• Only 1 bit of memory required
– Generally, 1 byte because is reserved

• Literal values:
– true
– false

• Can be used in logical conditions:

– Examples:
bool RainToday=false;
bool passed;
passed = GetResult(80);
 string type
• Special data type supports working with “strings”
#include <string>

string <variable_name> = “string literal”;

• string type variables in programs:

string firstName, lastName;

• Using with assignment operator:

firstName = “Mohammad";
lastName = “Ali";

• Display using cout

cout << firstName << " " << lastName;
 Getting input in string with Spaces
string s1;
cin>> s1; //Spaces will not be input in s1

//Following statements read spaces in “string”

string s1;
getline(cin, s1); //Spaces will be input in s1
 string type
• Find Error in the example program…