Directing

Concept
• Activity that deals with the steps a manager
takes to get subordinates and others to
carryout plans. ( Newman & Warren)
• Direction consists of process and techniques
utilizing in issuing instruction and making
certain that operations are carried out as
planned. ( Haimann)
 Features of this function
• Important since action oriented
• Performed at every levels of management
• Continuous process
• Top down
• Integrates efforts of employees
 Principles of direction
• Principles relating to purpose of direction
– Maximum individual contribution
– Harmony of objectives
• Individual and organisation
– Efficiency of direction
• Work accomplished without affecting employees need
satisfaction
 Principles relating to process of
direction
• Unity of command
• Appropriation of direction technique
• Comprehension
• Informal organisation
• Leadership
• Follow through
 Techniques
• Orders and instructions
• Follow up orders and instructions
• Standard practices and procedures
• Behavioral pattern
– Autocratic, democratic, participative, free-reign
 Coordination
• Coordination is the orderly synchronizing of
efforts of the subordinates to provide the
proper amount, timing and quality of
execution so that their unified efforts lead to
the achievement of the stated objective,
namely the common purpose of the
enterprise
- Theo Haimann
 Coordination
• IS a set of human and structural mechanism
designed to link the parts of enterprise
together to help achieve the specified
objectives
-- Glueck
 Features
• Relevant to group
• Continuous and dynamic
• Emphasis unity of effort
• Higher integration of functions = higher
coordination = higher possibility of
achievement of objectives
 Types of coordination
• Internal
– Vertical and horizontal coordination
– Substantive ( what to do) and procedural ( How to
do)
• External
 Techniques
• Chain of command
• Leadership
• Committee
• Staff Meetings
• Special coordinators
• Self coordination
 Principles of coordination ( Mary
Parker Follet )
• Direct contact
• Coordination at early stages of work cycle
• Principle of continuity – continuous process
• Principle of dynamism- not rigid but flexible
• Principle of timing – synchronize
• Principle of reciprocal relationship-
understand these relationships