Car Senseor

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOTRONICS
AND
VEHICLE INTELLIGENCE (AUE 6205)
CH-II Engine/Vehicle Sensors
Introduction
Control, sensor & actuator

11/28/2019 INTRODUCTION TO Autotronics and 2
Cont…
• Computer controlled systems continually monitor
the operating condition of today's vehicles.
• Through sensors, computers receive vital
information about a number of conditions, allowing
minor adjustments to be made far more quickly and
accurately than mechanical systems.
• Sensors convert temperature, pressure, speed,
position and other data into either digital or analog
electrical signals.
Sensors and Actuators
• In general there are two critically important
components found in any electronic control system:
sensors and actuators.
• In any control system, sensors provide measurements
of important plant variables in a format suitable for the
digital microcontroller. Similarly,
• Actuators are electrically operated devices that
regulate inputs to the plant that directly control its
output.
• Sensors and actuators play a critical role in determining
automotive control system performance

Cnd…
• The sensors and actuators that are available to a
control system designer are not always what the
designer wants, because the ideal device may not
be commercially available at acceptable costs.
• For this reason, often special signal processors or
interface circuits are designed to adapt to an
available sensor or actuator, or the control system
is designed in a specific way to fit available sensors
or actuators.

Typical Electronic Engine Control
System
This block diagram is a representative block diagram of a typical

electronic engine control system illustrating most of the relevant
sensors and actuators used for engine control.

Cont…
• The position of the throttle plate, sensed by the throttle position
sensor (TPS), directly regulates the airflow into the engine, thereby
controlling output power.
• A set of fuel injectors (one for each cylinder) delivers the correct
amount of fuel to a corresponding cylinder during the intake stroke
under control of the electronic engine controller to maintain the
fuel/air mixture at stoichiometry within a narrow tolerance band
• A fuel injector is, as will presently be shown, one of the important
actuators used in automotive electronic application. The ignition
control system fires each spark plug at the appropriate time under
control of the electronic engine controller.
• The exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is controlled by yet another output
from the engine controller.
• All critical engine control functions are based on measurements made
by various sensors connected to the engine in an appropriate way.
• Computations made within the engine controller based on these
inputs yield output signals to the actuators.
Variables to Be Measured
• The set of variables sensed for any given engine is specific to the
associated engine control configuration. However the most common are
listed below.
1. Mass air flow (MAF) rate
2. Exhaust gas oxygen concentration (possibly heated)
3. Throttle plate angular position
4. Crankshaft angular position/RPM
5. Coolant temperature
6. Intake air temperature
7. Manifold absolute pressure (MAP)
8. Differential exhaust gas pressure
9. Vehicle speed
10. Engine Knock
11. Transmission gear selector position

Cnd…
• In addition to measurements of the above variables,
engine control is also based on the status of the
vehicle as monitored by a set of switches.
• These switches include the following:
1. Air conditioner clutch engaged
2. Brake on/off
3. Wide open throttle
4. Closed throttle
5. Reed switch

Classification of Sensor
• Sensors can be classified and grouped according to very different
points of view.
• They can be classified with regard to their use in the vehicle as
follows:
1. Function/Applications:-
– Oxygen, Speed, Temperature.
– Sensors for safety (passenger protection: airbag, ESP) and security (theft
deterrence feature)
– Sensors for vehicle monitoring (on-board diagnosis (OBD), fuel-
consumption and wear parameters) and for driver/passenger
information
2. Out put signal:- Analog or Digital
3. Characteristic curve:- Linear , non linear
4. Operating principle:- optical, inductive, capacitive , resistive
5. Integration level
6. Active or passive

1. Function:- Oxygen Sensors
• The amount of oxygen in the exhaust is measured using EGO sensors.
• This oxygen level, in turn, depends on the air/fuel ratio entering the
engine.
• The amount of oxygen is relatively low for rich mixtures and relatively
high for lean mixtures.
• In terms of equivalence ratio (λ), recall that λ = 1 corresponds to
stoichiometry, λ > 1 corresponds to a lean mixture with an air/fuel
ratio greater than stoichiometry, and λ < 1 corresponds to a rich
mixture with an air/fuel ratio less than stoichiometry.
• The EGO sensor is sometimes called a lambda sensor.
• Fuel entering each cylinder having a relatively lean mixture (i.e.,
excess oxygen) results in a relatively high oxygen concentration in the
exhaust after combustion.
• Correspondingly, intake fuel and air having a relatively rich mixture
(i.e., low oxygen) result in relatively low oxygen concentration in the
exhaust.

Two-step Lambda Oxygen
Sensors
1 Sensor housing
2 Ceramic support tube
3 Connecting cable
4 Protective tube with slots
5 Active sensor ceramic
6 Contact element
7 Protective sleeve
8 Heater element
9 Clamp-type connections for
the heater element
10 Disk spring

Cont…
• These sensors are used in gasoline engines equipped
with two-step Lambda oxygen sensor.
• They extend into the exhaust pipe between the
engine’s exhaust manifold and the catalytic converter,
and record the exhaust-gas flow leaving each cylinder.
• Two-step Lambda oxygen sensors compare the
residual-oxygen content in the exhaust gas with the
oxygen content in the reference atmosphere
(surrounding air inside the sensor) and indicate
whether a rich (λ< 1) or lean air-fuel mixture (λ > 1) is
present in the exhaust gas.
• The sudden jump in the characteristic curve of these
sensors permits air-fuel control of λ = 1 (Fig. shown on
next slide).
Cont…
Operating principle
• Operate in accordance with the
principle of the galvanic oxygen-
concentration cell with solid-state
electrolyte (Nernst principle).
• The ceramic element is conductive
for oxygen ions from a temperature
of approximately 350 °C (safe,
reliable operation at >350 °C).
• Due to the abrupt change in the
residual-oxygen content on the
• exhaust-gas side in the range of l = 1

Function:-Fuel Metering
• The primary function of this fuel-control system is to determine the
mass airflow rate accurately into the engine.
• Then the control system precisely regulates fuel delivery such that
the ratio of the mass of air to the mass of fuel in each cylinder is as
close as possible to stoichiometry (i.e., 14.7)
• The EPS has the capability of measuring crankshaft angular speed
(RPM) as well as
• Crankshaft angular position when it is used in conjunction with a
stable and precise electronic clock (in the controller).
• The camshaft position sensor typically generates a timing pulse for
each camshaft revolution (i.e., one complete engine cycle);
• The combination of EPS and CPS yields an unambiguous
measurement of engine angular position (within each engine cycle)
for each cylinder.
• The CPS sensor is required in a four-stroke/cycle engine since each
cycle involves two complete crankshaft revolutions.

Cont…
1. throttle position sensor (TPS)
2.mass airflow sensor (MAF)
3. fuel injectors (FI)
4. ignition systems (IGN)
5. exhaust gas oxygen sensor(EGO)
6. engine coolant sensor (ECS)
7. engine position sensor (EPS)
8. camshaft position sensor (CPS)
Electronic fuel-control configuration.
9. exhaust gas recirculation
actuator (EGR)

2. Out put signal:- Analog or Digital
• Analog signals
– Current/voltage, or a
corresponding amplitude
– Frequency/period duration
– Pulse duration/pulse duty
factor
• Discrete output signal
– Two-step (binary coded).
– Multi-step, with irregular steps
(analog coded). Fig.
a) Output signal U, information parameter:
• Multi-step equidistant frequency f
(analog or digital coded). b) Output signal U, information parameter:
pulse duration TP

3. Characteristic Curve:-
• Continuous linear curves (Fig. 11a)
are used mainly for control
assignments covering a wide
measuring range.
• Continuous nonlinear curves (Fig.
11b) are often used for the closed-
loop control of a measured variable
across a very restricted measuring
range (e.g. exhaust-gas control to
λ= 1)
• Such two-step curves (possibly even
featuring hysteresis, Fig. 11d) are
used for limit-value monitoring in
such cases where remedial S Output signal
measures are easy to apply when X Measured variable
the limits are reached. a Continuous, linear
b Continuous, nonlinear
c Discontinuous, multi-step
d Discontinuous, two-step (with hysteresis)
4. Operating Principle:-
(optical, inductive, capacitive)
• Proximity Switches

Optical sensors (Through-beam)
Type : Through-beam
Transmitter Receiver
Type : Through-beam
Type : Through-beam
Targe
t
Type : Through-beam
Type : Through-beam
Type : Through-beam
Type : Through-beam
Type : Through-beam
Type : Through-beam
Type : Through-beam
Type : Through-beam Targe

t
Long sensing distance: up to 30 metres with some devices

Will detect all but very transparent materials
Must be accurately aligned
Inductive sensors
Will detect any conductive

material
Quoted distances are for mild steel
Sensor performance can be
affected by:
• Temperature
• Target material
• Target dimensions
Inductive sensors
High frequency magnetic

field
(300 to 800 kHz)
Active surface
Resonant circuit coil
LED indicator
Connection cable
Inductive sensors
Targe
t
Sensor
Oscillation
Amplitude
Sensor ON
output
signal OFF
Inductive sensors
Target
Sensor
Oscillation
Amplitude
Sensor ON
output
signal OFF
Inductive sensors
Target
Sensor
Oscillation
Amplitude
Sensor ON
output
signal OFF
Inductive sensors
Target
Sensor
Oscillation
Amplitude
Sensor ON
output
signal OFF
Inductive sensors
Target
Sensor
Oscillation
Amplitude
Sensor ON
output
signal OFF
Inductive sensors
Target
Sensor
Oscillation
Amplitude
Sensor ON
output
signal OFF
Inductive sensors
Target
Sensor
Oscillation
Amplitude
Sensor ON
output
signal OFF
Inductive sensors
Target
Sensor
Oscillation
Amplitude
Sensor ON
output
signal OFF
Inductive sensors
Target
Sensor
Oscillation
Amplitude
Sensor ON
output
signal OFF
Inductive magnetic sensor
Connection Resonant circuit High LED

cable coil frequency Indicator
magnetic
field
Inductive principle of operation - but only reacts to
magnetic fields Interference from other magnetic
fields must be avoided.
Solid state device - higher switching frequency - 1kHz
Capacitive sensor
Electrostatic field
Sensor is looking for a
change in capacitance in the
active field Active surface
Active electrode
Earth electrode
LED indicator
Adjusting screw
Connection cable
Capacitive sensor
Target
Capacitive sensor
Capacitive sensor
Capacitive sensor
Capacitive sensor
Detects any material denser than air (as long

as there is enough of it)
Can be adjusted for sensitivity
Can be affected by dusty environments
Capacitive sensor
Sensor is adjusted so that

it does not ‘see’ the wall of
the vessel.
Capacitive sensor
As the level rises the fluid

affects the sensor field.
Capacitive sensor
Until the sensor switches.

5. Sensor Integration
Sensor(s) Transmission path ECU
analog
Analog- Susceptible
SE
path
noise
SA A SG conventional
D
Multiple – immune to noise

SE SA tap-off
AD SG 1-generation
A Bus compatible-immune
SE SA D to noise SG 2-generation
A Bus
Buscompatible-immune
compatible-immune
SE SA D MC to noise SG 3-generation
to noise
SE-sensor, SA-signal amplification, A/D- analog to digital, SG-digital

ECU, MC-microcomputer
6. Active & Passive sensors
• A passive sensor does : not need any additional energy source
and directly generates an electric signal in response to an
external stimulus; that is, the input stimulus energy is converted
by the sensor into the output signal.
The examples are a thermocouple, a photodiode, and a
piezoelectric sensor. Eg. NTC, potentiometer, knock sensor
• The active sensors require external power for their operation,
which is called an excitation signal. That signal is modified by the
sensor to produce the output signal. The active sensors
sometimes are called parametric because their own properties
change in response to an external effect and these properties
can be subsequently converted into electric signals.
Eg hot-film air mass, vacuum pressure sensor, hall-effect sensor
Assignments_1
Enumerate the common types of Automotive
sensor, and explain their function and working
principle of each sensor.
Specially:
i. Throttle plate angular position
ii. Mass airflow (MAF) & manifold absolute pressure
(MAP) sensor
iii. Temperature Sensor
iv. Vehicle speed sensors
v. Detonation/knock sensors

SENSORS FOR FEEDBACK CONTROL
• From the above listed sensors the
1. Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensor: feedback sensor
in Fuel systems.
2. Knock Sensors: feedback sensor in Ignition
systems

Data acquisition
Positions of sensors in a data acquisition system. Sensor 1 is noncontact, sensors 2 and 3 are
passive, sensor 4 is active, and sensor 5 is internal to a data acquisition system.
Cnd…

Cnd…
• Data Acquisition is simply the gathering of information about a
system or process.
• It is a core tool to the understanding, control and management of
such systems or processes.
• Parameter information such as temperature, pressure or flow is
gathered by sensors that convert the information into electrical
signals.
• Sometimes only one sensor is needed, such as when recording local
rainfall. Sometimes hundreds or even thousands of sensors are
needed, such as when monitoring a complex industrial process.
• The signals from the sensors are transferred by wire, optical fiber or
wireless link to an instrument which conditions, amplifies,
measures, scales, processes, displays and stores the sensor signals.
This is the Data Acquisition.
Interfacing
• As discussed above, system designer is rarely able to connect a
sensor directly to processing, monitoring, or recording
instruments, unless a sensor has a built-in electronic circuit with
an appropriate output format.
• When a sensor generates an electric signal, that signal often is
either too weak or too noisy, or it contains undesirable
components.
• In addition, the sensor output may be not compatible with the
input requirements of a data acquisition system, that is, it may
have a wrong format.
• To mate a sensor and a processing device, they either must share
a “common value” or some kind of a “mating” device is required
in between. In other words, the signal from a sensor usually has
to be conditioned before it is fed into a processing device (a load).

Signal conditioning (SC)
• A signal-conditioning block is mainly used to extract information
about the measured quantity from the sensor output signal and
to match it to the input of the following block – an A/D converter.
• It typically implements some (or all) of the following functions –
amplification and signal conversion, sensor insulation, filtration,
detection, non-linearity correction, and environmental influences
correction.
• Sometimes selected functions (especially the non-linearity and
environmental corrections, more rarely the filtration or detection)
are implemented later in the chain within the data processing
block.
• Often the SC block also contains the circuits that allow sensor
and/or sensor connection diagnostics.
• This feature is necessary for sensors whose failures could cause a
large amount of physical
11/28/2019
damage or even risk personal safety. 69
INTRODUCTION TO Autotronics and
Cnd…
• An interface or a signal conditioning circuit has a
specific purpose: to bring the signal from the sensor up
to the format which is compatible with the load device.
• To do its job effectively, an interface circuit must be a
faithful slave of two masters: the sensor and the load
device.
• Its input characteristics must be matched to the output
characteristics of the sensor, and
• Its output must be interfaceable with the load.

Cnd…
Interface circuit(signal conditioning) matches the signal

formats of a sensor and a load device.

Amplifiers
• Operational Amplifiers
• Voltage Follower
• Instrumentation Amplifier
etc

Amplifiers
• Most passive sensors produce weak output signals.
• The magnitudes of these signals may be on the order of microvolts
(μV) or picoamperes (pA).
• On the other hand, standard electronic data processors, such as A/D
converters, frequency modulators, data recorders, and so forth,
require input signals of sizable magnitudes—on the order of volts (V)
and milliamperes (mA).
• Therefore, an amplification of the sensor output signals has to be
made with a voltage gain up to 10,000 and a current gain up to
1,000,000.
• It should be clearly understood that the purpose of an amplifier is
much broader than just increasing the signal magnitude.
• An amplifier may be also an impedance matching device, an
enhancer of a signal-to-noise ratio, a filter, and an isolator between
input and output.
Operational Amplifiers
• One of the principal building blocks for the amplifiers is
the so-called operational amplifier or OPAMP, which is
either an integrated (monolithic) or hybrid (a
combination of monolithic and discrete parts) circuit.
• An integrated OPAMP may contain hundreds of
transistors, as well as resistors and capacitors.
• An analog circuit designer, by arranging discrete
components around the OPAMP(resistors, capacitors,
inductors, etc.),may create an infinite number of useful
circuits—not only the amplifiers, but many others
circuits as well.
Cnd…
• As a building block, a good operational amplifier has the following properties (a
schematic representation of OPAMP is shown in the next slide):
 Two inputs: one inverting (−) and the other is noninverting (+)
 A high input resistance (for ideal opamp infinite)
 A low output resistance (for ideal opamp zero)
 A low input offset voltage e0 (few mV or even μV –for ideal opamp zero)
 A low input bias current i0 (few pA or even less- for ideal opamp zero)
 A very high open-loop gain AOL (at least 104 and preferably over 106); that is, the
OPAMP must be able to magnify (amplify) a voltage difference Vin between its two
inputs by a factor of AOL
 A high common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR); that is, the amplifier suppresses the
in-phase equal magnitude input signals (common-mode signals) VCM applied to
both inputs

The OpAmp
• Two inputs (called inverting and non-inverting);

one output.
• The output voltage is a HUGE gain multiplied by
the difference between the inputs.
a. The op-amp enforces (in proper use)
Vinv= Vnon-inv
b. No current flows into the device at either input
Cnd…
• (V-Vinv)/R1= (Vinv-Vout)/R2and
• VR2= Vinv (R1+R2) –VoutR1
• But Vinv= Vnon-inv
• Vout= Vnon-inv (R1+R2)/R1–VR2/R1
• Letting R1 = R2, then

• Vout= 2Vnon-inv– V
• The circuit inverts the input V and
adds on 2Vnon-inv
Voltage bias useful for bringing • IF Vnon_inv is ground, then Vout is –V.
signal levels into the range of • This is just an inverting amplifier.
sensors.
Cnd…
• What if R2 = 2R1
Vout= Vnon-inv (R1+R2)/R1–VR2/R1
= Vnon-inv (R1+2R1)/R1–V(2R1/R1)
= Vnon-inv (3R1)/R1–V(2R1/R1)
For Vnon-inv = 0,
Vout= –2V ( Amplified version of input with gain 2)

Unity gain Amplifier.
• Used as buffer amplifier, for Isolating one circuits
from the loading effect of the following stage.
• Used as impedance converter, which provides
impedance conversion from a high level to a low
level
• Some times it is known as voltage follower

Cnd…
• Other configuration include
i) Instrumentation Amplifier.
ii) Adder.
iii) Integrator.
iv) Differentiator.
v) charge amplifier.
So the details of this configuration left for you as
a reading assignment.

Excitation Circuits
• External power is required for the operation of active sensors.
Examples are temperature sensors [thermistors and resistive
temperature detectors (RTDs)], pressure sensors (piezoresistive
and capacitive), and displacement (electromagnetic and optical).
• The power may be delivered to a sensor in different forms.
• It can be a constant voltage, constant current, or sinusoidal or
pulsing currents.
• It may even be delivered in the form of light or ionizing
radiation.
• The name for that external power is an excitation signal

Current Generators
• Current generators are often
used as excitation circuits to
feed sensors with
predetermined currents that,
within limits, are independent of
the sensor properties, stimulus
value, or environmental factors.
• A good current generator must
produce current which follows
the control signal with high
fidelity and is independent of
the load over a broad range of
impedances. Current source with OPAMP
Voltage References
• A voltage reference is an electronic
device which generates constant
voltage that is little affected by
variations in power supply,
temperature, load, aging, and other
factors.
• There are several techniques known
for the generation of such voltages.
• Many voltage references are
available in monolithic forms;
however, in low-cost applications,
especially in consumer products, a
simple device known as a zener
diode is often employed.

Lookup Table
• The relationship between the measured physical
quantity and the sensor output value is often non-
linear.
• Most often in many cases the non-linearity is known
and the correction can be used.
• It can be applied either before or after the A/D
conversion. The first case is more usual for simpler
(non-intelligent) sensors with an analog output.
• The second is typical for microprocessor-equipped
sensors, where either an analytic equation form or a
correction table is implemented.
• This correction table is known as Lookup table.

Drivers
• As opposed to current generators, voltage drivers
must produce output voltages which, over broad
ranges of the loads and operating frequencies, are
independent of the output currents.
• Sometimes, the drivers are called hard-voltage
sources. Usually, when the sensor which has to be
driven is purely resistive, a driver can be a simple
output stage which can deliver sufficient current.
• However, when the load contains capacitances or
inductances (i.e., the load is reactive), the output
stage becomes a more complex device.

Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC)
• The A/D converters transform analog data—
usually voltage—into an equivalent digital form,
compatible with digital data processing devices.
Available methods.
– Sample and Hold
– V/F Converters
– Dual-Slope Converter
– Successive-Approximation Converter
– Resolution Extension

Sample and Hold ADC
Fs ≥ Fmax , where Fs is thee sampling frequency and Fmax is the maximum frequency of interest
cnd
Analog signal Discrete version
Quantization
Sampling

Direct Digitization and Processing
• Most sensors produce low-level signals. To bring these
signals to levels compatible with data processing devices,
amplifiers are generally required.
• Unfortunately, amplifiers and connecting cables and wires
may introduce additional errors, add cost to the instrument,
and increase complexity.
• Some emerging trends in the sensor-based systems are
causing use of the signal conditioning amplifiers
incorporated with the sensor.
• These trends point toward direct digitization of sensor
outputs—a difficult task.
• It is especially true when a sensor-circuit integration on a
single chip is considered.
Ratiometric Circuits
• A powerful method for improving the accuracy of a sensor is a
ratiometric technique, which is one of the most popular
methods of signal conditioning.
• The technique essentially requires the use of two sensors, of
which one is the acting sensor, which responds to an external
stimulus, and the other is a compensating sensor, which is either
shielded from that stimulus or is insensitive to it.
• The second sensor, which is often called reference, must be
subjected to a reference stimulus, which is ultimately stable
during the lifetime of the product.
• In many practical systems, the reference sensor must not
necessarily be exactly similar to the acting sensor; however, its
physical properties, which are subject to instabilities, should be
the same.
Bridge Circuits
• The Wheatstone bridge circuits are popular and very
effective implementations of the ratiometric
technique or a division technique on a sensor level.
• Two types
I) Null type
II) Deflection Bridge
It is used to measure small changes in resistance
that occur in passive transducer like strain gauges,
thermistor and resistance thermometer.
Note: Reading assignment on Deflection type Bridge.

Null type Wheatstone bridge.
-It is used to measure medium resistance.
- Accuracy 0.1% quite common.
I1 I3 - Usually a galvanometer or other current
R1 R3 sensitive device is used as null indicator.
- For bridge balance, I1 R1= I3 R3.
E A B
- for the galvanometer to be zero the
following conditions also exist
R2
I2 I3=I4= E/ R3+ RTD.
I4
I1=I2= E/R1+R2
E= emf of the battery
-If we combine the above equation,
R1/(R1+R2) = R3/(R3 + RTD)
Therefore, RTD= R3R2/R1
Assignment: Can you finish what happen if a small change happen to

RTD? ( Hint: for [ RTD + ΔRTD] find the value of R3 which make the
bridge again balance and find the Bridge sensitivity)
Bridge Amplifiers
• The bridge amplifiers for resistive sensors are
probably the most frequently used sensor interface
circuits.
• They may be of several configurations, depending
on the required bridge grounding and availability
of either grounded or floating reference voltages

Cnd…

AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE CONTROL
ACTUATORS
• In addition to the set of sensors, electronic engine
control is critically dependent on a set of actuators
to control air/fuel ratio, ignition, and EGR.
Examples
- various types of electric motors,
- Relays
- solenoids, and
- piezoelectric force generators.
Most common one is the solenoid

Relays and Solenoids

Cnd…
• Solenoids: solenoids are digital actuators. One
terminal is attached to battery voltage while the
other is attached to the computer which opens
and closes the ground circuit as needed.
• When energized, the solenoid may extend a
plunger or armature to control functions such as
vacuum flow to various emission-related systems
or fuel injection.
• Most actuators are solenoids.
Fuel Injection- solenoids
Figure : Schematic Drawing of Fuel Injector

Fuel Injector Signal
PWM-control
Exhaust Gas Recirculation Actuator

• The electronic controller supplies base
Ignition System current to the power transistor, rendering it
fully conductive (i.e., in saturation).
• When it is conducting, the transistor acts
essentially like a closed switch. A relatively
large current (denoted Ip) flows through the
primary windings of the coil (P), creating a
relatively large magnetic field that is linked
to the secondary coil.
• At the appropriate time for ignition the
controller switches off the base current,
causing the transistor to be non conducting.
• At this instant the primary current drops to
zero very quickly, causing the magnetic field
strength to drop rapidly also,
• The very rapid drop in the magnetic field
(linked to the secondary S) generates a very
high voltage (30,000 to 50,000 volts), which,
in turn, creates the spark across the spark
plug electrodes, igniting the mixture and,
finally, initiating the power stroke for the
engine
Types of motors used in automobiles-
all are actuators

Motor drive configurations
H Bridge using MOSFETs – for Bi-directional and

PWM control
Commutating Motor Switch

Stepper Motor
• Essentially, stepper motors are digital actuators; in
other words, they are either on or off.
• They move in fixed increments in both directions,
and can have over 120 steps of motion.
Eg. they are commonly used to enable the ECU to
control idle speed. In most fuel injection systems,
the stepper motor controls an idle air bypass built
into the throttle body.

Cnd…
• A stepper motor is a positioning device that
increments its shaft position in direct proportion to
the number of current pulses supplied to its
windings.
• A digital positioning system without any position or
speed feedback is thus easily implemented at a
much lower cost than with other types of motors,
simply by delivering a counted number of witching
signals to the motor.

Single-Stack Variable-Reluctance Stepper Motor
• Single-stack motors are normally of the variable-reluctance type with
no excitation in the rotor.
• The cross section of a three-phase motor with two stator poles/phase
and four rotor poles are indicated in Fig. shown on next slide.
• The motor can be stepped clock or anticlockwise by energizing the
phase winding in the ABCA or ACBA sequence, respectively.
• The step angle, i.e., the angle moved by rotor for each change in
excitation sequence, of the motor is given by
• where ‘N’ is the number of phases in the stator and ‘p’ is the number
of poles in the stator.
• Single-stack motors typically has larger step angles than other types.

FIGURE : Cross section of a single-stack
variable-reluctance stepper motor
For N=3 & P=2
s  360 Np
 360 3  2
 160 o

Car Senseor

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Car Senseor

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INTRODUCTION TO AUTOTRONICS

Control, sensor & actuator

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This block diagram is a representative block diagram of a typical

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Type : Through-beam Targe

Long sensing distance: up to 30 metres with some devices

Will detect any conductive

High frequency magnetic

Resonant circuit coil

Connection Resonant circuit High LED

Detects any material denser than air (as long

Sensor is adjusted so that

As the level rises the fluid

Until the sensor switches.

Multiple – immune to noise

SE-sensor, SA-signal amplification, A/D- analog to digital, SG-digital

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Interface circuit(signal conditioning) matches the signal

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• Two inputs (called inverting and non-inverting);

• Vout= Vnon-inv (R1+R2)/R1–VR2/R1

• Letting R1 = R2, then

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• Some times it is known as voltage follower

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Assignment: Can you finish what happen if a small change happen to

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Figure : Schematic Drawing of Fuel Injector

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H Bridge using MOSFETs – for Bi-directional and

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