UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT TRANSFER

• before steady-state conditions

• important due to large number of heating and cooling problems in industry eg.
In metallurgical and food processing
•Time dependent
eg. Hot Metal slab is removed from a furnace and exposed to a cool stream or
surrounding.
Biot number NBi - Ratio of thermal resistance in the body or solid compared
with surroundings.
hx1
N Bi 
k
where
x1 = characteristic dimension of the body = V/A
Sphere x1 = r/3
Long Cylinder x1 = r/2

Long Square Rod x1 = x/2 where x = ½ thickness
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
 HEAT TRANSFER DIFFUSION EQUATION

• conduction in one direction in a solid

qz |z  Dz
q y|y

q x|x q x|x  Dx
Dz
x
Dy

Dx
y qz |z
Rate of heat Input + rate of Generation = rate of heat Output + rate of heat Accumulation

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

 HEAT TRANSFER DIFFUSION EQUATION

Rate of heat Input + rate of Generation = rate of heat Output + rate of heat Accumulation
T
rate of heat input : q x|x  k(Dy.Dz)
x x

rate of heat ouput: T

q x|x  Dx  k(Dy.Dz)
x x  Dx

T
rate of heat accumulation: (DxDyDz) c p
x
rate of heat generation: (DxDyDz)qÝ
T T 
 k  
x x Dx x x Dx  T
 qÝ  c p
Dx x
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
 HEAT TRANSFER DIFFUSION EQUATION

• conduction in one direction in a solid

T k  2T qÝ  2T qÝ
 2   2 
x c p x c p x c p

• conduction in 3 dimensions:

T  2T  2T  2T  qÝ
  2  2  2 
x x y z  c p


FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
 HEAT TRANSFER DIFFUSION EQUATION

Cartesian coordinates ;

 2T  2T  2T  qÝ T
  2  2  2  
x y z  c p t

Cylindrical coordinates:

 1   T  1  2T  2T qÝ 1 T
r  2 2  2  
r r  r  r  z k  t
Spherical coordinates :
1   2 T  1   T  1  2T qÝ 1 T
r  2 sin   2 2
 2  
 r r  r  r sin  
2
  r sin   k  t

k  a  bT
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT TRANSFER
Lumped capacity /Newtonian heating or cooling method
Negligible/ very low internal conductive resistance (NBi < 0.1) :
 hA t

T  T c ρV 
e p 
To  T
 (hA/cp ρV)t
Q  cpρV(To  T )[1  e ]
where
To = temperature of object at t = 0 (K)
T = average temperature of object at ts
T∞ = sudden change in ambient temperature at t = 0
A = surface area of object (m2)
V = volume of object (m3)
 = density of object (kg/m3)
t = time (s)
Q = total amount of heat transferred from the object
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT TRANSFER
Lumped capacity /Newtonian heating or cooling method
(NBi < 0.1) :
 hA t
T  T  c ρV 

e  p 
To  T
 (hA/cp ρV)t
Q  cpρV(To  T )[1  e ]
where
NBi = Biot number = hx1/k
x1 = characteristic dimension of the body = V/A
Sphere x1 = r/3

Long Cylinder x1 = r/2

Long Square Rod

x1 = x/2 where x = ½ thickness
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Flat plate with negligible surface resistance :

No convective resistance and unsteady-state conduction in the x-direction only

where
T = T0 and c = c0 at t =0
T1 or c1 = sudden change in ambient temperature or concentration at t = 0
T or c = temperature or concentration in solid at t = t

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

 RELATION BETWEEN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

Surface resistance Kk c
DAB t
Semi-infinte solid: DAB

c  c0
c1
c
K 0

where
 = thermal diffusivity = k/cp (m2/s)
h, kc = convective transfer coefficient
t = time (s)
DAB = mass diffusivity
x
K = equilibrium distribution coefficient = cLi/ci 2 D AB t
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

Large flat plate:

where
m = relative resistance
m k DAB c1
hx1 m  c
Kk cx1 K
c1
c
n = relative position K 0
n  xx
1

X = relative time
Y = unacccomplished change, a dimensionless ratio DAB t
x12
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

Temperature (or concentration) at center of a large flate plate:

D
m  AB
Kk cx1
c1
c
K
c1
c
K 0

DAB t
x12
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Long cylinder:

where
m = relative resistance
D
m k m  AB
hx1 Kk c x1
n = relative position
n  xx
c1
1
c
K
c1
c
K 0

DAB t
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept x12
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Temperature (or concentration) at center of a long cylinder:
D
m  AB
Kk cx1

c1
c
K
c1
c
K 0

DAB t
x12
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Sphere:

where
m = relative resistance
DAB
m k m
hx1 Kk c x1
n = relative position
n xx c1
1
c
K
c1
 c
K 0

DAB t
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept x12
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Temperature (or concentration) at the center of a sphere:
D
m  AB
Kk cx1

c1
c
K
c1
c
K 0

DAB t
x12
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
2-dimensional systems:

c1 c1
T T  cx T1 Ty  cy
Yx  1 x Yx  K Yr  Yr  c
K
T1  T0 c1 T1 T0 1 c
c K 0
K 0 c1
T1  Tx, y  c x, y
Transfer in x & y direction: 
Yx,r = (Yx)(Yr) =  c
K
T1  
T0 1 c
K 0
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
c1
3-dimensional systems:
T1  Tx  cx
Yx  Yx  c
K
T1  T0 1 c
K 0
c1
T1  Ty  cy
Yy  Yy  c
K
T1  T0 1 c
K 0
c1
T1  Tz  cz
Yz  Yz  c
K
T1  T0 1 c
K 0
Transfer in x, y, & z direction:
c1
T1  Tx, y, z  c x, y, z
Yx,y,z = (Yx)(Yy)(Yz) =  Kc
T1  T0 1 c
K 0

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

 UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Example:
In a manufacturing process stainless steel cylinders (AISI 304) initially at 600 K are quenched by
submersion in an oil bath maintained at 300 K with h = 500 W/m2 K. Each cylinder is of length
2L = 60 mm and diameter D = 80 mm. Consider a time 3 min into the cooling process and
determine temperatures at the center of the cylinder, at the center of a circular face, and at the
mid-height of the side.

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept