LITERATURE REVIEW

ENDOSCOPY EXAMINATION

Name : Shenaquita Ivandra

ID number : 2013730100
Preceptor : Dr. Ihsanil Husna, Sp.PD, FINASIM.

KEPANITERAAN KLINIK ILMU PENYAKIT DALAM

RUMAH SAKIT ISLAM JAKARTA CEMPAKA PUTIH
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH JAKARTA
2019
ENDOSCOPY
• Endoscopy is a tool used to examine organs in the
human body visually by peering with tools (rigid / fiber -
scope) or directly looking at the monitor screen (scope
Evis), so that abnormalities that exist in these organs can
be seen clearly.
TYPES OF ENDOSCOPY

flexible
rigid endoscopy endoscopy
(fiberscope)

capsule
video endoscope endoscope
(evis scope) (capsul
endoscope)
Parts of flexible endoscopy
Types of Endoscopic Examination

Endoscopy of the upper Endoscopy of the lower

gastrointestinal tract gastrointestinal tract

Endoscopic Retrograde Endoscopy of the

Cholangio respiratory tract
Pancretography (ERCP) (bronchoscopy
INDICATION FOR EGD
Patients with persistent
To explain dubious or unclear
symptoms (dysphagia, epigastric to confirm the lesion and to make
radiological changes or
pain, vomiting) who have no photographic, biopsy, or
abnormalities found in the
abnormalities on radiological cytological examination
esophagus, gastric, or duodenal
examination

to monitor the healing of benign In post-gastrectomy patients

Acute upper gastrointestinal
ulcers in patients with suspected with upper gastrointestinal
bleeding
ulcers of possible malignancy symptoms or complaints

Cases of dyspepsia syndrome with age over 45 years or under 45 years Therapeutic procedures such as
with danger signs (severe vomiting, with hematemesis, anemia, polypectomy, insertion of food
jaundice, and weight loss), use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory tubes, dilation in esophageal
drugs (NSAIDs) and a history of cancer in family stenosis or achalasia
Indications for Colonoscopy Examination
Rectum bleeding that
Evaluate abnormalities
cannot be explained by Inflammatory bowel
obtained on the results of
the cause. In addition, if a disease (crohn, ulcerous
examination of barium
vague positive blood or colitis, microscopic
enemas such as stricture,
real bleeding, an absolute colitis).
permanent filling defects.
indication of colonoscopy.

Malignancies and polyps Evaluate the diagnosis of

Postoperative
in the colon (established a previously established
colonoscopy, evaluation
by histopathological rectum or colon
of anastomosis.
biopsy) malignancy

Survelens, in high risk Research evaluating colon

groups (for example in Therapeutic procedures disease in patients with
ulcerative colitis) and such as polypectomy and anemia who cannot be
monitoring after removal removal of foreign matter explained by the cause
of polyps or cancer. (1).
ERCP Indications
for the evaluation and management
of stones in the pancreatobiliary
system (jaundice, biliary colic,
cholangitis, biliary pancreatitis)
abnormalities in the ampulla /
papilla (dysfunction of the
sphincter of Oddi, cancer of the
ampulla)

abnormalities of biliary ducts and

pancreas (stricture, malignancy,
malignancies, malignancies,
malignancies, malignancies,
malignancies, leakage)
Indication Sigmoidoscopy

rectal bleeding a change in bowel habits

Indication Bronchoscopy
to find the cause of a
It can detect tumors signs of infection
lung problem.

to take samples of
excess mucus in the bleeding or blockages
mucus or tissue for
airways in the lungs.
other laboratory tests

to insert airway stents, or small tubes, to keep

your airway open to treat some lung problems
 ENDOSCOPY

DIAGNOSTIC THERAPEUTIC
 OVERVIEW OF THE
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
THROUGH ENDOSCOPY
Sekum Ampula vater

esophagus from the center gastric mucosa (rugae) Antrum and Pylorus
Stomach Fundus

Duodenum jejunum mucosal folds ileal mucosal folds colonic mucosa

 THERAPEUTIC EGD

Sofagus strains with EGD Sten placement

 THERAPEUTIC EGD

Collection of coins from the esophagus

Fish or chicken bone removal

Expenditure of small pins, small batteries, marbles

Removal of objects with sharp edges
Removal of dentures
Control bleeding with EGD
Overview of gastrostomy with EGD
THERAPEUTIC COLONOSCOPY
Pedunculated polyps
Small Sessile Polyps
Large Sessile Polyps
THERAPEUTIC ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE
CHOLANGIOPANCREAOGRAPHY (ERCP)
SIGMOIDOSCOPY

A sigmoidoscopy is done with a device called a sigmoidoscope. A sigmoidoscope is a pencil-thin, flexible tube with a light
and a camera on the end. During a sigmoidoscopy, the doctor inserts the sigmoidoscope into the anus, through the rectum,
and into the lower part of the colon. The doctor views the inside of the colon through the scope or on a video monitor
BRONCHOSCOPY

Bronchoscopy is a procedure that looks inside the lung airways. It involves inserting a bronchoscope tube, with its light and
small camera, through your nose or mouth, down your throat into your trachea, or windpipe, and to the bronchi and
bronchioles of your lungs. This procedure is used to find the cause of a lung problem.
ENDOSCOPY STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES

• The advantages of colonoscopy are :

The doctor can also do a

This test allows the doctor to
The most complete filtering biopsy and remove polyps or
see the rectum and entire
method available other abnormal tissue during
colon.
the test, if necessary.

Sedation is given to the Test is one of the most

patient to minimize sensitive tests currently
discomfort available.
ENDOSCOPY STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES

• Endoscopic deficiencies are :

The accuracy of this test depends on
A thorough colon cleanse is required
This test may not detect all small the skill of the doctor performing a
before this test. Cleansing usually
polyps, nonpolypoid lesions, and colonoscopy, the amount of time
requires one day of clear fluids and
cancer. required and the amount of time to
laxative preparations.
withdraw the scope.

Although rare, complications can occur

Some forms of sedation are used in
such as bleeding and / or tearing of the
many cases.
lining of the large intestine
EDUCATION : Preparation
The doctor will explain to the
patient the procedure, including
the possibility of biopsy and risks
such as the need to remove polyps
or other surgical procedures.
Remove all dentures and
eyeglasses prior to beginning an
upper endoscopy. For
colonoscopy, dentures can be left
in.
The doctor will ask the patient to
sign a consent form agreeing to
the procedure. At the same time,
he or she must inform the Wear clothing that is easily
endoscopy team of any removed.
medications, reactions,
or allergies to previous procedures
or tests.
Stop taking any medications, such
People who have had cardiac valve
as aspirin and sucralfate
replacement or blood vessel graft
(Carafate), used to treat ulcers,
should receive antibiotics to
that could cause false readings on
prevent infection.
tests.
Do not eat or drink anything for
8-10 hours before your
examination to allow a valid
examination of the upper GI tract
and to lower the risk of vomiting.
EDUCATION
• After the procedure :
If you have been sedated, you will
be moved to a recovery area to
wake up.
You should have someone there to
take you home. You should not
drive a car or use other machinery
or drink alcohol for at least a day.
You may feel drowsy.
Once sedation has worn off before
you are discharged from the
medical center, you will be given
instructions and told to call your
doctor if complications develop.
At home, it would be best to have
a light meal and rest for the
remainder of the day.
COMPLICATION

Bleeding Infection

Tear the GI /
Respiratory
track
THANK YOU