The Contemporary

World
An Introduction
Prepared by: Ms. Aubrey Mikaela D. Joson
GLOBALIZAT IO
N
GLOBA LIZATI
ON
“Globalization” is a relatively new term.
Although it made its dictionary debut in 1961,
it was rarely used until the 1980s, when it
began appearing in academic literature with
increasing frequency. The term entered into
common parlance in the 1990s, and today is
“deployed across disciplines, across the world,
across theoretical approaches, and across the
political spectrum.”
Campbell, P. J., MacKinnon, A. S., & Stevens, C. (2014). An introduction to
global studies. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell.
GLOBA LIZATI
ON
A complex web of social
processes that intensify and
expand worldwide economic,
cultural, political, and
technological exchanges and
connections
Campbell, P. J., MacKinnon, A. S., & Stevens, C. (2014). An introduction to
global studies. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell.
GLOBA LIZATI
ON
Economic, social, cultural, and
political processes of integration
that result from the expansion of
transnational economic
production, migration,
communications, and
technologies
GLOBA LIZATI
ON
According to Steger: “Globalization
refers to a multidimensional set of
social processes that create, multiply,
stretch, and intensify worldwide social
interdependencies and exchanges while
at the same time fostering in people a
growing awareness of deepening
connections between the local and the
distant.
Campbell, P. J., MacKinnon, A. S., & Stevens, C. (2014). An
introduction to global studies. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.:
 GLOBA LIZATI
ON
Manfred B. Steger, a Professor
of Global Studies at the Royal
Melbourne Institute of
Technology, has developed a
particularly useful definition
that synthesizes the definitions
of a number of prominent
scholars.
GLOBA LIZATI
ON
“Several writers have argued that
globalization—especially as driven by
revolution in ICT—marks the “end of
geography” (O’Brien 1992), the onset of the
“death of distance” (Cairncross 1997), the
emergence of a “borderless world” (Ohmae
1995), of de-territorialization” or “supra-
territorialization” (Scholte 2000), and the
“vanishing of distance” (Reich 2001). The
most provocative of these claims is Thomas
Friedman’s consequence of globalization,
“the world is flat””.
-Christopher, Garretsen, and Martin (2008)
Deterritorialization
•Other scholars use the term
deterritorialization to refer to the ways that
networks of connections are transcending
traditional boundaries.
•In other words, territory, defined as a
geographically identifiable space, is no
longer the only locale in which social
activity can occur.
GLOBA LIZATI
ON
Some conflate globalization with
internationalization, while others
equate it with Westernization
Process whereby non-Western countries and societies
adopt social, legal, dietetic, religious, technological,
linguistic, political, and economic ideals and norms of
countries in the Western world – Western Europe and the
US.

Campbell, P. J., MacKinnon, A. S., & Stevens, C. (2014). An

introduction to global studies. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.:
So, by definition, does
talking about global
automatically connects
to local vice versa?
 DRC in 1998 had a
devastating civil war
which claimed 4 million
lives. The civil war was
funded by group of
rebels who used to mine
coltan. Although peace
was proclaimed in 2003
researchers have called it
“the world’s deadliest
humanitarian crisis”.
DRC holds 80 percent of the world’s coltan reserves.
Refined coltan produces tantalum, a metal powder used
in the production of capacitors, which are critical
components in electronic devices like cell phones and
APPROACHES TO
STUDY OF
GLOBALIZATION
Steger, Manfred B. “Approaches to the Study of
Globalization.” Steger, Manfred B. et al. (eds). The SAGE
Handbook of Globalization. LA, 2014. pp 7-22
Globalization as Economic
Process
•Evolution of international
markets and corporations that
led to an intensified form of
global interdependence.
•Trading blocs like EU and
NAFTA
Globalization as Economic
Process
Economic accounts of
globalization convey the notion
that the essence of the
phenomenon involves ‘the
increasing linkage of national
economies through trade, financial
flows, and foreign direct
investment by multinational firms’
Globalization as Economic
process
•Integration of global economy
accelerated after the collapsed of
Bretton Woods system in early 1970s.
•Following the advances in data
processing and information
technology contributed to explosive
growth of tradable financial value.
 Globalization as Economic
Process
•There is a changing nature of of
global production: powerful
transnational corporations
(TNCs)—Wal-Mart, General
Motors, Mitsubishi, Siemens, etc.
• TNCs in number 7,000 in 1970 to
80,000 IN 2011
Globalization as Economic
Process
What is the implication of the growing number
of TNCs?
• The availability of cheap labor, resources, and
favorable production conditions in the Third
World enhanced the mobility and profitability
of TNCs.
•Accounting to over 70% of world trade
•The ability to ‘outsource’ manufacturing jobs
(to cut labor costs by getting cheap wage
workers in the global south)
Globalization as Political
Process
• The role of government will
ultimately be reduced to serving as
‘superconductor for global
capitalism’
• It will lead to the decline of territory
as a meaningful framework for
understanding political and social
 Globalization as Political
Process
• The successful mobilization of political
power in unleashing forces of
globalization
•Modern nation-states or global cities.
•Key role of global cities in controlling
globally oriented economic and social
processes.
Therefore, what does it leave to the
developing countries?
 Globalization as Political
Process
• Other scholars would suggest
that globalization is fueled by
political and technological
factors.
•Technology-driven process
shape by the world’s powerful
Globalization as Cultural
Process
• Globalization as a
multidimensional process
involving diverse domains
including cultural sphere.
• It facilitated the rise of an
increasingly homogenized global
culture underwritten by Anglo-
 Globalization as Cultural
Process
• Americanization global
diffusion of American values,
consumer goods, and life styles
•This cultural imperialism
overwhelms vulnerable cultures.
Globalization as Cultural
Process
•McDonaldization: “the process by
which the principles of the fast-food
restaurant are coming to dominate
more sectors of American society as
well as the rest of the world.”
•Because of McDonalization, the values
of efficiency, calculability, and
predictability have spread from the US
to the entire planet and from fast-
food restaurants to virtually all
spheres of life.
 Globalization as Cultural
Process
• In 1993, prominent Harvard
scholar Samuel Huntington
published an article in Foreign
Affairs, a leading scholarly
journal, in which he argued that
culture would be the cause of
future global conflicts:
Globalization as Cultural
Process
“It is my hypothesis that the fundamental
source of conflict in this new world will
not be primarily ideological or primarily
economic. The great divisions among
humankind and the dominating source of
conflict will be cultural. Nation states will
remain the most powerful actors in world
affairs, but the principal conflicts of global
politics will occur between nations and
groups of different civilizations. The clash
of civilizations will be the battle lines of
the future”
Globalization as Cultural
Process
Huntington’s worldview does not
allow for productive forms of
cultural hybridity nor the idea that
cultural exchange can facilitate
better relations among states. For
Huntington, the more different
civilizations interact with one
Campbell, P. J., MacKinnon, A. S., & Stevens, C. (2014). An
introduction to global studies. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.:
 Globalization as Cultural
Process
•Pluralization if the world of the
world as localities produce a
variety of unique cultural
responses to global forces.
• It is not increasing cultural
homogenization, but
glocalization
 Image Source: Fitzgerald, S. (n.d.). Sedona, Arizona Image Source: Wordpress.com (n.d.)
Mcdonald’s [Photograph].Retrieved from Glocalizationmarketing. Retrieved from
https://www.rd.com/food/fun/mcdonalds-turquoise- https://glocalizationmarketing.wordpress.com/
arches/

product or service that is developed and distributed globally, but is also

adjusted to accommodate the user or consumer in a local market.
Globalization as Cultural
Process
• The US-dominated culture industry
seeks to convince its global
audience that the meaning and
chief value of life can be found in
the limitless accumulation of
material possessions.
Question: How do we see our
natural environment on the culture
we currently acquire?
 Triumphs/Advantages
1. International communication has become
easy and inexpensive.
In 1930, a 3-minute New York to London phone call cost
more than $250 in today’s dollars and only a minority of
Americans had telephones in their homes. In 2009, the same
call cost as little as 15 cents and telephones, including cell
phones, seem to be everywhere.

Between 1982 and 2006, when the world’s population

increased by 41%, the number of international tourists
increased by 205%.
 Triumphs/Advantages
1. International communication has become
easy and inexpensive.

The Internet did not exist in 1982, but in

2006 it comprised 439 million servers
connecting people from around the world
through e-mail, file transfers, websites, and
videoconferencing.
 Triumphs/Advantages
2. Increase number of international tourists thus,
booming the economy
 Triumphs/Advantages
3. International trade and investment have increased
rapidly. From 1982 to 2006, worldwide investment
across national borders increased by 2,114%.
4. Many more international organizations and
agreements now span the globe. In 1981, about
14,000 international organizations existed. By 2006,
there were three-and-a-half times as many. Individual
nation-states give up some of their independence
wen they join international organizations or sign
international agreements.
 Triumphs/Advantages
5. People can enjoy goods from all over
the world
*Reduced prices due to competition
6. Increased wages for well educated and
technologically skilled
7. Improved economic conditions for
those who compete successfully in the
global economy
 Triumphs/Advantages
8. Upgraded education system and more
training*
9. Increased labor standards
10. Cooperation between different
countries
11. International media and organizations
can pressure firms and governments to
correct abuses
Triumphs/Advantages
Gould, S &
Villas-Boas, A.
(2016). Here's
where all the
components
of your
iPhone come
from
[Photograph].
Retrieved
from:
https://www.
businessinsid
er.com/where
 Tragedies/Disdvantages
1. CREATION OF CORE, PERIPHERY,
AND SEMI-PERIPHERY COUNTRIES
Immanuel Wallerstein argues that capitalist
development resulted in a world system
composed of three tiers:
-core capitalist countries - major sources of capital
and technology
-peripheral countries - major sources of raw
materials and cheap labor
-Semi-peripheral countries - former colonies that
are becoming prosperous
 Tragedies/Disdvantages
2. Some downward pressure on wages
for the poorly educated and
technologically unskilled
3. Certain industries were forced out
of business
4. Decreased labor conditions, forced
over time, etc.
 Tragedies/Disdvantages
5. Greater risk of diseases being
transported unintentionally between
nation
*this disease reached the United
States via “mosquitoes that crossed
the ocean by riding in airplane
wheel wells and arrived in New York
 Tragedies/Disdvantages
6. Globalization causing
homogenization
Many economic and financial
institutions around the world
now operate in roughly the
same way – much like the WEST.
*Westernization
 Tragedies/Disdvantages
6. Globalization causing homogenization
McDonaldization: “the process by which the
principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to
dominate more sectors of American society as well
as the rest of the world.”
Because of McDonalization, the values of efficiency,
calculability, and predictability have spread from the
US to the entire planet and from fast-food
restaurants to virtually all spheres of life.
Tragedies/Disdvantages
Assignement:
Review for Quiz 1.
Coverage:
1. Definition of Globalization Campbell,
P. J., MacKinnon, A. S., & Stevens, C.
(2014).
2. Approaches to the Study of
Globalization (Steger, 2014 )
3. Ideologies of Globalization (Steger,
2010 )
 Proverbs 1:7
The fear of the Lord is the
beginning of knowledge
but fools despise wisdom
and instruction.
ACTIVITY
Compare Globality,
Globalization and
Globalism
ACTIVITY
1. Define ideology
2. Who are the leaders
of globalization