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Fab
◦ Ag binding
◦ Specificty determined by
VH and VL
Fc
Fc
Fab
Pepsin
Another proteolytic
enzyme, pepsin cleaves
Ig at another site to
yield F(ab)2
Fc Peptides
F(ab)2
Igs – 5 types based on heavy chains.
Ig G - Gamma
Ig A - Alpha
Ig M - Micro
Ig E – Epsilon
Ig D – Delta.
Monomer.
2 Ag binding sites.
70% of Igs.
Only Ig that can cross the placental barrier -
protect fetus.
Produced mainly in the secondary response.
Provides defense against bacteria & viruses.
Rh iso immunisation :
This occurs when mother is Rh negative and fetus is Rh
positive.
During parturition, fetal RBCs may enter into maternal
circulation , leading to formation of anti-Rh antibodies.
During next pregnancy, these Ab being IgG in class, can
enter into fetal circulation causing fetal hemolysis,
neonatal jaundice and in severe cases, neonatal death or
miscarrige.
Anti-Rh Ab injected within 24 hrs of delivery of first
child , will avert the isoimmunization and protect future
pregnancy.
Exists as Monomer or Dimer.
Dimer – Two monomers joined together by J-
chain.
Found in body secretions – colostrum, saliva,
respiratory, intestinal and genital secretions.
Prevents attachment of bacteria and viruses
to mucous surfaces. Protects the access of
foreign substances to circulation.
Pentamer joined by disulfide brides.
Forms a ring closed by J chain.
First Ab produced in response to Ag (bacteria
or virus).
Cannot traverse blood vessels.
Monomer.
Low conc in circulation.
Function-not known.
B cell receptor (may).
Monomer
Present in trace amounts but in allergic
activity – greatly increased.
Tightly binds with mast cells which releases
histamine.
Participates in defense against parasites
(helminths)
Multiple myeloma: Plasma cell caner.
Abnormality: Malignancy in single clone of
plasma cells (bone marrow)
Produces high conc of abnormal Igs –
depressed immunity.
Mainly IgG (75%) or IgA (25%)
Electrophoretic pattern: Sharp distinct M band
between β & γ fractions.
γ band faint.
Multiple myeloma – excess monoclonal light
chains than heavy chains (Bence Jones Proteins).
BJP have a molecular weight of 20,000 or 40,000
Light chains (low mol.wt) – blood stream –
passes through glomerular membrane –
appears in urine (bence jones proteins).
20% of patients with MM,BJP are excreted in
urine which often damages the renal tubules.
Precipitate on heating urine (45 -600).
Redissolve on heating urine above 800.
Specific test to detect BJP:
Electrophoresis
Bradshaw’s test
if BJP are present, white ring of precipitate will occur
if conc HCL is added to urine .
Hyper gammaglobulinemia
Chronic infections. Tuberculosis, syphilis,
malaria, etc.,
Auto immune disorders – Rheumatoid
arthritis, glomerulonephritis.
Mutiple myeloma.
Hypo gammaglobulinemia: congenital or
acquired. Nephrotic syndrome.
Congenital - x linked disorder (bruton’s
disease)
Secondary – myeloma, leukemia or drug
induced.