LIQUID FUELS

IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES

• Octane Number – Percent Volume Of Iso-octane In The Liquid Fuel Which Is Usually A Mixture Of
Iso-octane And Heptane.
• Cetane Number – Percent Volume Of Cetane In A Cetane (C16h34) –Methylnaphthalene (C11h10)
Mixture
• Combined Hydrogen – Hydrogen That Combined With Oxygen Which Forms What Is Also Called
Combined Water
• Net Hydrogen – Total Hydrogen In The Fuel
 CASE I. FUEL ANALYSIS

1. ) The Octane Number Of A Gasoline Was Determined Using A Mixture Of Iso-

octane And N-heptane With The Same Knocking Tendency As Gasoline. If The
Liquid Fuel Is Burned In 30% Excess Air, With A Product Gas Molal Ratio Of CO2 To
CO Of 5:2 And H2 To CO Of 1:1, What Orsat Analysis Is Expected? Assume An
Octane Number Of 85. Density Of Iso-octane Is 0.6918 And N-heptane Is 0.684
g/mL.
 CASE I. FUEL ANALYSIS

2. ) An engine burns fuel oil analyzing 88% C and 12% H with air supplied at 21 OC, normal
barometric pressure and 80% RH. The air supplied is less than the theoretical amount required for
complete combustion of the fuel oil; 25% of the C burns to CO, the remainder CO2; O2 is all
consumed and the molal ratio of CO to H2 in the exhaust gas is 3:2. The exhaust gas leaves at 480
OC and 745 mmHg. Calculate:

a) % of the theoretical air that is supplied for combustion

b) m3 air supplied/kg of oil
c) m3 exhaust gas/kg of oil
d.) % of the calorific value of oil (43.616 MJ/kg) lost
as i) unburnt CO in the exhaust
ii) Sensible heat in the exhaust gas
 CASE II. FLUE GAS ANALYSIS

1. ) Find the cetane number of a liquid fuel if the Orsat analysis of the stack gas
yields 7.14% CO2, 4.28% CO, 8.24% O2, 80.34% N2. Density of cetane is
0.7751 and MT is 1.0125 g/mL.
 CASE II. FLUE GAS ANALYSIS

2.) A furnace is fired with fuel oil containing 86% C. Air is supplied at 25oC, 740
mmHg. Average analysis of the stack gas shows 12.5% CO2, 5.8% O2, 0.0005%
SO, 0.004% NO, and the rest is N2. Assume tat all the nitrogen in the fuel oil is
converted to NO. The stack gas leaves at 1600oC and 900mmHg. Calculate:
a.) %excess air
b.) Complete elemental analysis of fuel oil
c.) AFR
d.) m3 SG/ kg oil
 CASE III. PARTIAL ANALYSIS OF THE FLUE GAS

1.) A low grade fuel oil (CV = 46.4 MJ/kg) containing approximately 81% C, 8% H,
3% O, 4% N, and 4% S is burned in a furnace that is wwell designed and well
operated giving a combustion gas, the partial orsat analysis of which shows 11.22 %
CO2 AND 1.46% co. The molal ratio of H2 to CO in the combustion gas is 1:5.
Calculate:
a.) % x’ss O2
b.) m3 air (30oC, 760 mmHg)/kg fuel oil
c.) m3 stack gas (250oC, 765 mmHg)/kg oil
d.) % CV lost due to CO and H2
 SEATWORK

An automobile engine is being operated with pure methyl alcohol, CH3OH using 10%
excess air over that necessary for theoretical combustion and proceeds to combust
completely. A sample of the exhaust gas is removed from the exhaust pipe, what Orsat
analysis would you get from this sample?
If the air supplied is reduced to an amount below that of the theoretical amount such
that 90% of the carbon in the fuel burns to CO2 and the remaining 10% to CO;
assume that under these conditions, the hydrogen in the gaseous combustion products is
40% of the CO, the oxygen being completely consumed. What would be the Orsat
analysis?