Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
PENYELIDIKAN
Writing the research report requires a smoothness and
economy of expression.
Smoothness – avoid ambiguity, unexpected, tense, all of which
add to confusion of the readers.
Economy of expression – being frugal (sederhana) with words.
Eliminate redundancy, wordiness, jargon, evasiveness (berdolak dalik),
overuse of the passive voice,circumlocation (memerihal dengan panjang
lebar), and clumsy prose (overly detailed description of any part of
the research such participants or procedures.
Use correct grammar
Bahasa
Free from demeaning attitudes (keterlaluan) and biased assumption.
Specificity – choose accurate and clear words
Labels – participants should be called what they prefer to be called.
Participation – write about the participants in your study in a way that
acknowledges their participation (in term of subjects, use more descriptive
terms such as research participants, children, high school students)
Gender, sexual orientation, racial and ethnic identity, disabilities, age.
Italics
Abbreviations (IQ, e.g., etc, i.e., vs., sec., kg, …)
Headings – five different levels of headings (e.g. level 1 –
centered main heading in uppercase letters)
All citations in the text of research report must be cited
accurately and completely in the reference list so that it is
possible for readers to locate the works.
Typing – double spacing, serif typeface, preferred 12-points
Times Roman. Margin 1” top, bottom, left, right of every page.
REFERENCE FORMAT
Goff, A. M. (1987). This is the title of a journal article. Journal of Experimental Results,
1(3), 1-22.
Johnson, R.S. (1989, October 1). This is the title of a newspaper article. The New Strait
Times, pp. 1, Column 6-8.
Miller, G.M. (1988). This is the title of a master’s thesis. Unpublished master’s thesis. Any
University, City, State.
DIFFERENCE REFERENCE
STYLES
APA
TURABIAN
CBE (COUNCIL OF BIOLOGY EDITORS)
MLA (MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION)
ACS (AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY)
Seven Major Section
1. Title page
2. Abstract
3. Introduction
4. Method
5. Results
6. Discussion
7. references
FORMAT UMUM
I. Bahagian Permulaan
II. Teks
1. Bab 1
2. Bab 2
3. Bab 3
4. Bab 4
5. Bab 5
III. Muka Surat Tambahan
I. Bahagian Permulaan
Batasan kajian
A limitation identifies potential weaknesses of the study. Think
about your analysis, the nature of self-report, your instruments,
the sample. Think about threats to internal validity that may
have been impossible to avoid or minimize--explain.
Pengenalan.. (Definisi)
1. Pengenalan
2. Reka bentuk penyelidikan
3. Populasi dan persampelan
4. Instrumentasi kajian, kesahan dan
kebolehpercayaan instrumen
5. Tatacara kajian
Participants
Apparatus or instruments
Metodologi2 Procedure
Metodologi Kajian
Metodologi adalah
“What you did”
With what and how
What are the design of your procedure
Metodologi Kajian..
Dapatan kajian
Dapatan kajian 2
• What does the
study contribute?
• Are those facts which writer has
deduced from research results. • How has it
• It should be clearly and helped solve the
succinctly stated and cover what study problem?
is shown by the work and its
significance and applications, • What conclusions
together with any caveats and and theoretical
limitations.
implications can
be drawn from
the study?
Perbincangan..
1. Pengenalan
2. Implikasi keputusan.
3. Aplikasi keputusan.
4. Kesimpulan penyelidikan
5. Cadangan penyelidikan
Rumusan, Kesimpulan..
• The results of any hypothesis testing must be included.
• They should show whether or not the research problems have been
“solved” and want has been learn from the results and show this
knowledge can be used.
• Conclusion must be congruent with aim
• No new material may be introduced at this stage
• Any contributions to new knowledge should be stressed
Cadangan
Bibliografi
• Lampiran
• Tulis semua senarai rujukan yang
terdapat dalam teks mengikut stail
yang dicadangkan oleh pihak
universiti
REFFERENCES1
REFFERENCES12
FORMAT
APA LIST
BIBLIOGRAFI:
Rujuk APA 4th ed. untuk kaedah penulisan (Buku Panduan
GSO, UPM)
Dalam turutan alphabetical
LAMPIRAN:
Data mentah yang perlu
Semua soal selidik yang digunakan
Surat-surat daripada organisasi yang terlibat
Books
Format:
Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Book title. Additional
information. City of publication: Publishing company. Examples:
Author's last name, first initial. (Date). Title of Article. Title of Encyclopedia
(Volume, pages). City of publication: Publishing company. Examples:
Pettingill, O. S., Jr. (1980). Falcon and Falconry. World book encyclopedia. (pp.
150-155). Chicago: World Book
Magazine & Newspaper Articles
Format:
Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Article title. Periodical title,
volume number(issue number if available), inclusive pages.
Note: Do not enclose the title in quotation marks. Put a period after the title. If a
periodical includes a volume number, italicize it and then give the page range (in
regular type) without "pp." If the periodical does not use volume numbers, as in
newspapers, use p. or pp. for page numbers.
Note: Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper
reference in APA style. Examples:
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135,
28-31.
Kalette, D. (1986, July 21). California town counts town to big quake. USA Today,
9, p.
Website or Webpage
Format:
Online periodical:
Note: When citing Internet sources, refer to the specific website document. If a
document is undated, use "n.d." (for no date) immediately after the document title.
Break a lengthy URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a period.
Continually check your references to online documents. There is no period
following a URL.
Note: If you cannot find some of this information, cite what is available.
Website or Webpage
Format:
Online periodical:
Examples:
Devitt, T. (2001, August 2). Lightning injures four at music festival. The
Why? Files. Retrieved January 23, 2002, from
http://whyfiles.org/137lightning/index.html
Dove, R. (1998). Lady freedom among us. The Electronic Text Center.
Retrieved June 19, 1998, from Alderman Library, University of Virginia
website: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html
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