Momentum dan Impuls

• Pusat massa (center of mass)

• Momentum linear (linier momentum)
• Tumbukan dan impuls (collision and impuls)
• Tumbukan lenting sempurna (perfectly elastic collision)

1
 Example :
Assembling a Freight Train
Car 1 has a mass of m1=65*103kg and moves at a
velocity of v01= +0.8m/s. Car 2 has a mass of m2=
92*103 kg and a velocity of v02= +1.3m/s.
Neglecting friction, find the common velocity vf of
the cars after they become coupled.

2
(m1+m2) vf = m1v01 + m2v02

After collision Before collision

m1v01  m2 v02
vf 
m1  m2

(65 10 3 kg)(0.8m / s)  (92 10 3 kg)(1.3m / s)


(65 10 kg  92 10 kg)
3 3

= +1.1 m/s

3
Example : Ice Skaters

Starting from rest, two skaters

push off against each other on
smooth level ice (friction is
negligible). One is a woman
(m1=54kg), and one is a man
(m2=88kg). The woman moves
away with a velocity of
vf1=2.5m/s. Find the recoil
velocity vf2 of the man.

4
 Pada kondisi
awal, kedua ice
skaters dalam
m1vf1 + m2vf2 = 0 kondisi diam 
before pushing v=0
after pushing

 m1v f 1  (54kg)( 2.5m / s)

vf 2    1.5m / s
m2 88kg

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 Example :
A Collision in One Dimension
A ball of mass m1=0.25kg
and velocity v01=5m/s
collides head-on with a ball
of mass m2=0.8kg that is
initially at rest(v02=0m/s).
No external forces act on
the balls. If the collision in
elastic, what are the
velocities of the balls after
the collision? 6
m1v f 1  m2 v f 2  m1v01  0 (1)

Total momentum Total momentum

after collision before collision

1 1 1
m1v f 1  m2 v f 2  m1v01  0
2 2 2
(2)
2 2 2
Total kinetic energy Total kinetic energy
after collision before collision

m1v01  m2 v f 2
v f1  (3) From Eq.(1)
m1
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 Substitute (3) to (2):

1  m1v01  m2 v f 2
2
 1 1
m1    m2 v f 2  m1v01
2 2

2  m1  2 2

1 m v  m v  2m1m2 v01 v f 2 1 m2 m v
2 2 2 2 2
1
  m1v01
1 01 2 f2 1 f2 2

2 m1 2 m1 2

m12v021  m22  m1m2  2 2m1m2v01 v f 2

m1v021
   v f 2  0
2m1 2  2m1  2m1
8
m2
m1  m2 v f 2 
2 2m1m2
v01 v f 2
2m1 2m1

m2  m1 v f 2
2
 2m1v01 v f 2

2m1
v f2  v01
m1  m2
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Substitute in (1)

m1v f1  m1v01  m2 v f 2

2m1
 m1v01  m2 v01
m1  m2

 2m2 
 m1 1  v01
 m1  m2 
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  m1  m2  2m2 
m1v f1  m1  v01
 m1  m2 

 m1  m2 
v f1    v01
 m1  m2 

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 m1=0.25, m2=0.8

v01 =5 m/s, v02= 0

 0.25  0.8 
v f1   5  2.62m / s
 0.25  0.8 

2  0.25
v f2   5  2.38m / s
0.25  0.8

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2 atau lebih Pusat Massa

m1 x1  m2 x2
xcm 
m1  m2
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Suppose m1=5kg, m2=12kg
x1=2m, x2=6m

(5.0kg)( 2.0m)  (12kg)(6.0m)

xcm   4.8m
5.0kg  12kg

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 m1 x1  m2 x2
xcm 
m1  m2

m1v1  m2 v2
vcm 
m1  m2
During a time T displacements of the
particles, x1 x2 displacement of cm xcm
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Types of Collisions

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TUMBUKAN LENTING SEMPURNA

Ciri-ciri Tumbukan Lenting Sempurna :

1. Kecepatan sebelum dan setelah tumbukan
sama, tetapi arah berlawanan
2. Berlaku Hukum Kekekalan Momentum
3. Berlaku Hukum kekekalan energi kinetik
4. Koefisien restitusi e = 1
 TUMBUKAN LENTING SEBAGIAN
Ciri-ciri Tumbukan Lenting Sebagian :
• Berlaku Hukum Kekekalan Momentum
• Energi kinetik sebelum dan setelah tumbukan tidak sama
• Kecepatan relatif sesudah tumbukan berkurang
dibandingkan setelah tumbukan
•0<e<1
TUMBUKAN TIDAK LENTING SAMA SEKALI
Ciri-ciri Tumbukan Tidak Lenting sama sekali :
•Setelah tumbukan benda menyatu
•Kecepatan setelah tumbukan sama besar
•Berlaku Hukum Kekekalan Momentum
•Mengalami kehilangan energi kinetik
•e = 0
A Ballistic Pendulum
The ballistic pendulum consists
of a block of wood (mass
m2=2.5kg) suspended by a wire
of negligible mass. A bullet
(mass m1=0.01kg)is fired with a
speed v01. After collision, the
block has a speed vf and then
swings to a maximum height of
0.65m above the initial position.
Find the speed v01 of the bullet,
assuming air resistance is
negligible.
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Just before Just after
collision collision Is conservation of energy valid?

No (completely inelastic)

Is conservation of momentum valid?

m1+m2 Yes (no external forces )

vf

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(m1  m2 )v f  m1v01
Total momentum Total momentum
after collision before collision

m1  m2
v01  vf
m1

22
 hf=0.65 m

vf

1
(m1  m2 ) gh f  (m1  m2 )v f
2

2
Total mechanical energy at top Total mechanical energy at
of swing, all potential bottom of swing, all kinetic
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 896m / s

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Collisions in Two Dimensions

vf2=0.7 m/s

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 Collisions in Two Dimensions

Ball 1 Ball 2
vf2=0.7 m1=0.15 kg m2=0.26 kg
m/s
before after before after

v01sin50= vf1x v02 vf2cos35

x component

y component -v01cos50= vf1y 0 -vf2sin35

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x component

m1v f 1x  m2 v f 2 x  m1v01x  m2 v02 x

Pfx P0x

y component

m1v f 1 y  m2 v f 2 y  m1v01y  m2 v02 y

Pfy P0y

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Use momentum conservation to determine the
magnitude and direction of the final velocity of ball 1
after the collision.
x component

(0.15kg)(v f 1x )  (0.260kg)(0.700m / s)(cos 35.0 ) 0

Ball 1 after Ball 2 after

 (0.150kg)(0.900m / s)(sin 50.0 0 )  (0.260kg)(0.540m / s)

Ball 1 before Ball 2 before

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 y component

(0.150kg)(v f 1y )  (0.260kg)[(0.700m / s)(sin 35.0 )] 0

Ball 1 after Ball 2 after

 (0.150kg)[(0.900m / s)(cos 50.0 )]  0 0

Ball 1 before Ball 2 before

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v f 1  (0.63m / s)  (0.12m / s)  0.64m / s
2 2

0.12m / s
  tan (1
)  110

0.63m / s

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 Impulse and Momentum
There are situations in which force acting on an
object is not constant, but varies with time.

Two new ideas: Impulse of

the force and Linear
momentum of an object.

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Definition of Impulse
The impulse J of a force is the product of the
average force F and the time interval t
during which the force acts:

J = F t
Impulse is a vector quantity and has the same
direction as the average force.
SI Unit of Impulse: Newton.second (N.s)

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Definition of Linear Momentum:
The linear momentum p of an object is the
product of the object’s mass m and velocity v:
p=mv
Linear momentum is a vector quantity that
points in the same direction as the velocity.
SI Unit of Linear Momentum:
kilogram.meter/second(kg.m/s)

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 vt  v 0
a
t

 F  ma
vt  v0 mvt  mv0
 F  m( t )  t
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Impulse-Momentum Theorem
When a net force acts on an object,
the impulse of this force is equal to
the change in momentum of the
object:

( F )t  mv f  mv0
Impulse Final Initial
momentum momentum

Impulse=Change in momentum
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 Example : A Well-Hit Ball
A baseball (m=0.14kg) has initial velocity of v0=-38m/s
as it approaches a bat. The bat applies an average
force F that is much larger than the weight of the
ball, and the ball departs from the bat with a final
velocity of vf=+58m.
(a) Determine the impulse applied to the ball by the bat.
(b) Assuming time of contact is t =1.6*10-3s, find the
average force exerted on the ball by the bat.

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(a) J  mv f  mv0
 (0.14kg)(58m / s)  (0.14kg)( 38m / s )

= +13.4 kg.m/s

J 13.4kg.m / s
(b)
F  3
 8400 N
t 1.6  10 s

37
 Example : A Rain Storm
Rain comes straight down with velocity of v0=-15m/s
and hits the roof of a car perpendicularly. Mass of
rain per second that strikes the car roof is 0.06kg/s.
Assuming the rain comes
to rest upon striking the
car (vf=0m/s), find the
average force exerted by
the raindrop.

38
 mv f  mv0 m
F  ( ) v 0
t t

F = -(0.06kg/s)(-15m/s)=0.9 N

According to action-reaction law, the force

exerted on the roof also has a magnitude of
0.9 N points downward: -0.9N

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